Biology 2 exam 3 practice (FIU)

When examining this flatworm, what best describes the nervous system: • a) Cephalization, with bilateral symmetry and ladderlike nerves connected to an anterior brain

b) Cephalization, with bilateral symmetry and a centralized nerve cord connected to a brain

c) Dispersed nervous system, with bilateral symmetry and lacking cephalization

d) Ladder-nerve arrangement, without symmetry or cephalization

Based on this cladogram, what can you determine about the evolutionary development of "organ grade" status?

A. It may have evolved multiple times and is currently unresolved.

B. The appearance of organ grade was most beneficial to the Ecdysozoans

C. Deuterostome organs derived a single adaptive state.

D. It evolved once and is creates a polyphyletic clade

A. It may have evolved multiple times and is currently unresolved.

Why is it harder to find lizard shed skins than snake skins?

A. Snakes shed in one piece, this helps mark their territory

B. Lizards absorb more nutrients from their skin before shedding, and therefore the shed skin breaks down quicker

C. Snake sheds are thicker than lizards because they have more scales

D. Lizards tend to eat the shed skin

D. Lizards tend to eat the shed skin

Based on what you have learned so far, what is NOT true about this campus resident?

A. It maintains body temperature through metabolism

B. Even though we cannot see them its toes will all end in a hard claw

C. It's species (this is a male, FYI) will lay shelled amniotic eggs

D. It's integument is thick and composed of keratin

A. It maintains body temperature through metabolism

We enjoy eating crustacean muscles (shrimp and lobster tails, crab legs, etc.), if this is based on how the muscles attached to the skeletal system and nothing else, what other group should taste similar?

A. Annelids (Earthworms and Bristle worms)

B. Hexapods (grasshoppers, beetles, and ants)

C. Cephalopods (squid and octopus)

D. Birds (everything tastes like chicken 😉)

B. Hexapods (grasshoppers, beetles, and ants)

In flatworms, excretion processes through the _____ a very early precursor to kidneys.

A. Flames cells and excretory pores

B. Tracheal tubes and spiracles

C. Malphigian tubules and rectum

D. Nephridia and stomatal openings

A. Flames cells and excretory pores

Which of the strategies has evolved to remove nitrogenous waste from the body?

A. Mucus coatings cover the flat bodies of Platyhelminthes, increasing SA and the waste flows out of their body due to diffusion

B. All of these are solutions to removing nitrogenous waste from the body

C. Crustaceans collect nitrogenous waste to be expelled from their mouth, after it has been processed and all nutrients removed in a Green Gland

D. Funnels pass through septa walls of annelids to process the waste in an adjacent neprhridia and the waste is released via nephridiopores

B. All of these are solutions to removing nitrogenous waste from the body

The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped structure composed of ____ and located ___ the hollow nerve cord.

A. Collagen; above (ventral to)

B. Collagen; inside (will disappear during development)

C. Collagen; below (dorsal to)

D. Collagen; in front of (anterior to)

C. Collagen; below (dorsal to)

The ____ and _____ are both synapomorphies of Chordates.

A. Notochord; dorsal hollow nerve cord

B. Post-anal tail; ventral hollow nerve cord

C. Notochord; Monoecious

D. Notochord; ventral hollow nerve cord

A. Notochord; dorsal hollow nerve cord

In this image what color is the Notochord?

A. Pink

B. Blue

C. Red

D. Yellow

C.Red

All of these amphibians display paedeomorphic traits (_____) and therefore must remain in the water.

A. Retained external gills

B. Dorsal laterally compressed tails

C. Tiny eyes

D. Reduced limb size

A. Retained external gills

Which of these groups does NOT act as a parasite on humans or vector for human diseases?

A. Mollusca

B. Annelida

C. Arachnida

D. Hexapoda

A. Mollusca

In vertebrates (like frogs) the blastopore first forms the opening for the ____.

A. Enterocoely

B. Anus

C. Blind Gut

D. Mouth

B. Anus

Animals are good at killing other animals, this has led to many defensive tactics to avoid predation. Larval caterpillars can use many strategies, including which of these:

A. Venomous spines and hairs

B. Aposematic coloration that warns of toxic/poisonous skin

C. All of these are used by at least a few species of caterpillar

D. Camouflage to resemble leaves or bird poop

C. All of these are used by at least a few species of caterpillar

Which of the following functions as both a mouth and an anus in members of the phylum Cnidaria?

A. Nematocysts

B. Gastrovascular Cavity

C. Alimentary Canal

D. Noncentralized Nerve Net

B. Gastrovascular Cavity

The tapeworms are a monophyletic group in which Phylum?

A. Onychophorans (velvet worms)

B. Annelids (annulated or ringed worms)

C. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

D. Nematoda (round worms)

C. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

The cocoon, which contains the fertilized eggs, in the earthworm is produced by the

A. Clitellum

B. Prostomium

C. Typhlosole

D. Calciferous Glands

A. Clitellum

If this tree is accurate, which bird group is most distantly related to the raptors (the Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos)?

A. Blackbirds (Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus)

B. Flycatchers (Amazonian Royal Flycatcher, Onychorhynchus coronatus)

C. Parrots (Rosy-faced Lovebird, Agapornis roseicoliis)

D. Shorebirds (Ruddy Turnstone, Arenaria interpres)

A. Blackbirds (Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus)

Which of these pairs share ecdysis as a homologous trait?

A. Nematoda & Annelida

B. Arthopoda & Reptilia

C. Nematoda & Arthropoda

D. Cnidaria & Porifera

C. Nematoda & Arthropoda

According to this tree, tracheae in myriapods and hexapods are:

A. Coevolved with paired, jointed appendages

B. Homoplasy (from convergent processes)

C. A synapomorphy of arthropods

D. Homologous

B. Homoplasy (from convergent processes)

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having

A. true tissues and no tissues

B. a well-defined head and no head

C. a body cavity and no body cavity

D. radial and bilateral symmetry

A. true tissues and no tissues

The feeding response of Anenomes and Jellyfish is similar, they both rely on harpoon like projectiles with venomous spines to immobilize prey items. The harpoons are shot out of the _____, a unique feature of this genus.

A. Choanocytes

B. Cnidocytes

C. Pinocytes

D. Radiocytes

B. Cnidocytes

Cnidarians do not have organs, but use the neural net to respond to stimuli. The neural net is a set of similar cells performing a job, therefore cnidarians have ____ completixity.

A. Tissue Grade

B. Organ Grade

C. Cellular Grade

D. System Grade

A. Tissue Grade

The branch of biology that studies animals is:

A. Herpetology

B. Anatomy and Physiology

C. Zoology

D. Botany

C. Zoology

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a(n)

A. Heterotrophic Protist

B. Heterotrophic Fungi

C. Autotrophic Protist

D. Diploblastic Plant

A. Heterotrophic Protist

The ray-finned fishes have amazingly complex feeding structures, including:

A. Rigid mandibles that are gape limited

B. Two sets of jaws (oral and pharyngeal)

C. All of these are important adaptations in ray-finned fish feeding ecology

D. Venomous fangs to immobilize prey

B. Two sets of jaws (oral and pharyngeal)

The three clades of mammals are:

A. Rodentia, Carnivora, Marsupials

B. Monotremes, Marsupials, Placentals

C. Placentals, Marsupials, Cetaceans

D. Monotremes, Marsupials, Mammalia

B. Monotremes, Marsupials, Placentals

This figure shows the results of multiple studies examining the species richness of large mammals before and after the Plestiocene. What factors are most associated with these declines?

A. Climate change and changes in vegetative communities

B. All of these factors contributed to the Pleistocene die offs

C. Natural background extinction rate

D. Arrival of humans in new places and predation pressure from humans

B. All of these factors contributed to the Pleistocene die offs

Which cleavage pattern leads to the most diversity in mesoderm placement?A. Spiral Cleavage

B. Blastulation

C. NO Cleavage pattern

D. Radial Cleavage

A. Spiral Cleavage

Cutting this organism along which plane will create bilateral symmetry?

A. Frontal

B. Transverse

C. Cats are asymmetrical

D. Sagittal

D. Sagittal

Off the coast of what country can you find Queen Conch grazing on Sea Grass beds?

A. Saudia Arabia

B. India

C. USA

D. Australia

C. USA

Most of Bilvalvia are obligate , relying on muscular siphons to create water flow to attract and trap prey items.

A. Scavengers

B. Active predators

C. filter feeders

D. Ambush predators

C. Filter feeders

The Nematoda are unique amongst all animal phyla in that they have a _____, which is more simple than their ancestors.

A. Pseudocoelom

B. Coelom

C. Smooth cuticle

D. Diploblastic Coelom

A. Pseudocoelom

Both elephantiasis and carrot root disease are caused by infections from nematodes. What organ system (or tissue class) of these organism is most likely being infected?

A. Epidermis or Integumentary Systems

B. Digestive systems

C. Nervous Systems

D. Vascular or Circulatory tissue

D. Vascular or Circulatory tissue

Regeneration in Turbellarian Flatworms is incredibly complex, which of these is not possible to create after injuring a Turbellarian?

A. A worm with two sets of eyespots, one on the anterior end and one set on the posterior end.

B. A worm that remembers tasks and patterns that it learned earlier.

C. A similar size and shaped worm from before the injury.

D. A worm with a coelom replacing the muscular pharynx.

A. A worm with two sets of eyespots, one on the anterior end and one set on the posterior end.

Regeneration in Turbellarian Flatworms is incredibly complex, which of these is not possible to create after injuring a Turbellarian?

A. A worm with two sets of eyespots, one on the anterior end and one set on the posterior end.

B. A worm that remembers tasks and patterns that it learned earlier.

C. A similar size and shaped worm from before the injury.

D. A worm with a coelom replacing the muscular pharynx.

D. A worm with a coelom replacing the muscular pharynx.

The holdfast of a tapeworm is located in the ___, a modified head segment.

A. Mantle

B. Cnidocytes

C. Scolex

D. Radula

C. Scolex

Parasitic Platyhelminthes have a free-living stage.

A. Planula

B. Larval

C. Diecious

D. Medusa

B. Larval

Which of these types of sponge has the greatest surface area of choanocytes (red cells)?All are equal

A

C

B

C

All adult Porifera exhibit which form of body symmetry?

A. Asymmetry

B. Bilateral Symmetry

C. Radial Symmetry

D. Pseudocoelomatic

A. Asymmetry

Which group was the first to fully colonize the land, without returning to the water?

A. mammals

B. Amphibians

C. Aves (birds)

D. Reptiles

D.Reptiles

The ability to fertilize the egg internally, directly increases the strength of ____ and leads to greater investments in ____ in some reptiles and almost all birds.

A. Directional selection (natural selection); Nest construction

B. Mate choice (sexual selection); Parental care

C. Amniotic egg success (natural selection); Sexual dichromatism

D. Sperm competition (natural selection); Oviviparity

B. Mate choice (sexual selection); Parental care

All mammals have:

A. Bodies covered in fur or hair

B. Large well developed eyes

C. All of these are traits of all mammals

D. Live birth of young from a placenta

A. Bodies covered in fur or hair

Evidence indicates that an ancestral finch species from South America arrived on the Galapágos Islands and formed many new species, adapting to the diverse environments on the islands. With the evolution of these new bird species on the Galapágos Islands, we would expect to find a corresponding

A. decrease in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands.

B. ) increase in the number of bird parasites in South America.

C. increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands

D. elimination of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands.

C. increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands

One important evolutionary change that occurred with the rise of animals is

A. a change from a microbe-only environment to one of large producers, predators, and prey.

B. the extinction of cyanobacteria.

C. a confirmed second common ancestor of animals.

D. a change from alternation of generations to diploid dominance in plants

A. a change from a microbe-only environment to one of large producers, predators, and prey.

Tunicate larva have very rudimentary eyespots, the adult Sea Squirts have _____.

A. No eyes

B. Compound eyes

C. Image focusing eyes with retinas

D. Optical cup-like eyes

A. No eyes

The arthropods

A. make up more than three-fourths of all the known species of animals.

B. are more widely distributed throughout the world than members of any other phylum of animals.

C. are segmented eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems.

D. All of the choices are correct

D. All of the choices are correct

The hard cuticle of arthropods is composed of ____ and must be shed to allow for growth.

A. Lignified cellulose

B. Collagen and calcified ossicles

C. Segmented keratin

D. Mineralized chitin

D. Mineralized chitin

What feature allows for white-blood cells to be beneficial in immune responses?

A. Shape-shifting allows them to engulf other objects

B. Nucleated, therefore has coded instructions to fight every possible invader

C. Packed full of hemoglobin, can move infected material out of teh body

D. Lack of pigment makes them easy targets for natural killer cells, which lyse infected cells

A. Shape-shifting allows them to engulf other objects

Animals that lack a circulatory system include:

A. Millipedes

B. Flatworms

C. Cephalopods

D. Tunicates

B. Flatworms

Arthropods sense the world using many different adaptations (pectines, antennae, feelers, eyes, etc.), but they all are connected via _____.

A. Direct impulses to the brain, no nerve cords are involved.

B. A centralized nerve net that feeds impulses to the brain

C. A ventral nerve cord that feeds impulses to the brain

D. A dorsal hollow nerve cord that feeds impulses to the brain

C. A ventral nerve cord that feeds impulses to the brain

The Cnidarian and Echinoderms have similar nervous system control mechanisms, probably due to their radial symmetry. These similar structural and physiological adaptations are the result of?

A. Homologous development of nerves and sensory organs

B. Natural selection on body shape and germ layers

C. Spiral cleavage patterning

D. Convergent evolution from distant ancestors

D. Convergent evolution from distant ancestors

Based on this diagram alone, which of these fish taxa has the most SA devoted to digestion?

A. Eel

B. Salmon/Seabass

C. Blenny/Goby

D. Mullet

E. All are about the same SA

D. Mullet

Some of the herbivores are generalists or specialists, with some grazing and others browsing. These are strategies to find food. Which group can survive drought conditions best? Use the graph below to help answer.

A. Large bodied, grazers

B. Large bodied, mixed feeders

C. Small bodied, grazers

D. Small bodied, browsers

D. Small bodied, browsers

The feeding ecology of animals is driven by the need to find prey items to consume, this has led to many strategies in the animal kingdom. Which of these is not an animal strategy?

A. Chemosynthesizing methane into usable sugars

Is it safe to say that tube-within-a-tube gut development and spiral cleavage are synapomorphies of triploblastic animals?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Not enough info on this cladogram to determine

B.NO

Based on this figure alone, which landmass's mammalian fauna was most impacted (most extinctions from human activity alone) by the arrival of humans?

A. Africa

B. Asia

C. Australia

D. North America

C.Australia

the notochord is the same as the spinal cord.

A. True

B. False

B. false

Recall all 3 chordate synapomorphies. The hollow nerve cord

A. is dorsal to the notochord

B. is ventral to the notochord

C. is the same as the notochord

D. Induces the notochord

E. Is not present in this embryo

A. is dorsal to the notochord

Do you have a notochord?

A. Yes, because it becomes the nerve cord

B. Yes, because it becomes the intervertebral discs.

C. No, because it totally disappears after embryonic life.

D. No, because it us entirely replaced by bone.

C. No, because it totally disappears after embryonic life.

With its two siphons and a filter, a sea squirt (Urochordate) obtains food most like a

A. sponge

B. bivalve

C. annelid fan worm

D. gastropod

E. sea jelly

B. bivalve

Paleontologists have calculated that the legs of early tetrapods could not have supported their weight on land. this mostly supports

A. The "shrinking waterhole hypothesis"

B. The "woodland hypothesis"

B. The "woodland hypothesis"

Which of these crustacean functions have the most segments dedicated to it? A. Sensory

B. Defense

C. Walking

D. Swimming

D.Swimming

Which of these tagmata of this crustacean demonstrates cephalization?

A. Cephalon

B. Thorax

C. Abdomen

D. Telson

A. Cephalon

Pork Tapeworn is typically a non-fatal intestinal parasite of humans, the danger comes when directly consume the eggs of proglottids (skipping the intermediate host:pigs) The larva can the migrate to our _______ and form cysts, this can be painful and if untreated fatal.

A. Brain

B. Bladder

C. Pancreas

D. Liver

A. Brain

The cephalopod nervous system is best described as

A. The most advanced among mollusks

B. Primitive and very little advancement since that of cnidarians

C. Nerve net with a single large eye to detect motion and light

D. None of these choices are correct

A. The most advanced among mollusks

Which mollusks group has primitive sex organs that can also be used for locomotion and prey capture?

A.Octopi and Squids

B. Cone Snails

C. Clams and mussels

D. Tapeworns

A.Octopi and Squids

Sponges have porocytes which create currents, by pulling water in through the ____ on the sides and out the top osculum.

A. Vascular Tissue

B. Incurrent pores

C. excurrent pores

D. Spicules

B. Incurrent pores

The flagellated cells or _________ of a sponge line the inner surfaces. They can pull huge volumes of water through the animal every minute.'

A. Cnidocytes

B. Spicules

C. Choanocytes

D. Pinocytes

C. Choanocytes

The inner digestive cavity of all Cnidarians is called a ____________

A. Mesoderm Gut Coelom (MGC)

B. Gastrovascular cavity (GVC)

C. Mesoderm cavity

D. Gastrodermal space

B. Gastrovascular cavity (GVC)

As with the emergence of the Acoelomorpha phylum, it is common for ____ data to misplace animals in close relation to other species, whereas ____ data often reveals a different and more accurate evolutionary relationship.

A. Morphological; Molecular

B. Molecular; Morphological

C. Molecular; Fossil record

D. Fossil record; Morphological

A. Morphological; Molecular

During the animal cycles, which phase is often lost (or only present during development)?

A. Larva

B. Adult

C. Multicellular Spores

D. Zygotes

A. Larva

The branch that studies animals is:

A. Zoology

B. Herpetology

C. Botany

D. Anatomy and physiology

A. Zoology

Some researches claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes (genes that regulate development of anatomical structures) but not How genes (Genes that regulate development of posterior and anterior axes and body segments). If true, this finding would.

A. Confirm the identity of sponges as basal animals

B. Mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals

C. Mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and fungi

D. Strengthen sponges evolutionary ties to the eumetazoa

A. Confirm the identity of sponges as basal animals

What structural component holds animals cells together?

A. Glycogen

B. Connective tissue

C. Cartilage

D. Collagen

D. Collagen

The synapomorphies of the cnidarians include:

A. Filter-feeding on macroscopic food

B. Nerve Integration and cephalization

C. All of these features

D. Radial symmetry in adults

D. Radial symmetry in adults

Which of these homology between Nematoda and annelida?

A. Open-circulatory systems

B. Bilateral symmetry

C. Cuticles

D. Spiral cleavage

B. Bilateral symmetry

The coevolution of _________ is one of the drivers of colonization of the terrestrial biosphere.

A. Internal fertilization & cuticle hardening

B. Pharyngeal slits & cephalization

C. Insects & tetrapods

D. Insects & flowering plants

D. Insects & flowering plants

For organism like monarch butterflies, complete metamorphosis prevents:

A. Predation of the larva

B. Inbreeding between the offsprings (siblings)

C. Direct competition between parents and offspring

D. Parasitism of the larva

C. Direct competition between parents and offspring

Why are insects so diverse?

A. Insects are just the right size, they have external fertilization, cuticle prevents driving out on land, and they have complete metamorphosis

B. Insects are just the right size, coevolved with flowering plants, and can fly

C. Insects are not the most diverse group, it is really the crustacea that are the most diverse

D.Insects can evolve faster than most groups, due to a change in their Hox-genes

B. Insects are just the right size, coevolved with flowering plants, and can fly

Fast moving predators with 2 tagmata, the ____ have only ___ pair of legs per segment.

A. Centipedes (Chilopoda); 2

B. Millipedes (Diplopoda); 2

C. Centipedes (Chilopoda); 1

D. Millipedes (Diplopoda); 1

C. Centipedes (Chilopoda); 1

Early in development the pharyngeal slits primary role was in ______ they acted as a filter collecting materials and nutrients.

A. Structural integrity/support

B. Breathing

C. Feeding

D. Reproduction

C. Feeding

The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped structure composed of __________and located____the hollow nerve cord.

A. Collagen; in front of (anterior to)

B. Collagen; bellow (dorsal to)

C. Collagen; inside (will disappear during development)

D.Collagen; above (Ventral to)

B. Collagen; bellow (dorsal to)

Which of these groups does NOT act as a parasite humans or vector for human diseases?

A. Hexapoda

B. Mollusca

D. Arachnida

C. Annelida

B. Mollusca

In vertebrates (like frogs) the blastopore first forms the opening for the ____

A. Anus

B. Blind gut

C. Enterocoely

D. Mouth

A. Anus

All of these amphibians display paedeomorphic traits (_____) and therefore must remain in the water.

A. Dorsal laterally compressed tails

B. Retained external gills

C. Tiny eyes

D. Reduced limb size

B. Retained external gills

Which group was the first to fully colonize the land, without being required to return to the water during life cycle?

A. Amphibiams

B. Mammals

C. Aves(birds)

D. Reptiles

D. reptiles

Which of the "worm" phyla includes coelomates?

A. Nematoda

B. All three coelomate individuals

C. Platyhelminthes

D. Annelida

C. Platyhelminthes

Which of the "worm" phyla contains the polychaete (marine worms which filter feed)?

A. Nematoda

B. Platyhelminthes

C. Annelida

D. Mollusca

C. Annelida

The simple anatomy of a Sea Star reveals that the mouth is on the _____ side of the body, which makes sense as the food items are on the sea floor.

A. Anterior

B. Dorsal

C. Ventral

D. Posterior

C. Ventral

Which of these is NOT a major clade of Echinoderms?

A. Sea Cucumbers

B. Sea Urchins

C. Sea lillies

D. Sea flowers

D. Sea flowers

Because of their adult symmetry which feature of complex animals is lacking in all Echinoderms?

A. Cephalization, they lack a true head or brain

B. Gastrovascular cavity, their stomach are sac-like

C. Monoecious sex organs, all echinoderms are hermaphrodict

D. Organ systems, they are diploblastic and contain only tissue level organization

A. Cephalization, they lack a true head or brain

The Sea Cucumbers are the oddest of the Echinoderms, they are soft-bodied, sometimes toxic and can____, plus some look psychedelic with crazy tentacles and coloration.

A. Chase down fast swimming fishes

B. Filter feed on sediments and detritus

C. Move their spines in response to predators

D. Swim up and down the water column looking for food.

B. Filter feed on sediments and detritus

Echinoderm larvae have ________ symmetry, while adult sea urchins and sea stars have __________ symmetry. The sea cucumber adults symmetry is secondarily___________

A. Radial; Radial; Radia

B. Bilateral; Radial; Bilateral

C. Bilateral; Bilateral; Bilateral

D. Bilateral; Radial; Radial

B. Bilateral; Radial; Bilateral

The notochord and hollow nerve cord are surrounded by which germ layer or cell type? Hint: the cord is hollow.

A. Endoderm

B. Epidermis or Ectoderm

C. Mesoderm

D. Coelomic cells

B. Epidermis or Ectoderm

The eggs of amphibians are typically deposited in the ____ where they grow and development into a tailed ______.

A. Amniotic egg; Froglet

B. Water; Tadpole

C. Water; Planular larva

D. Water; Trochophore Larva

B. Water; Tadpole

Which group of tetrapods, must undergo metamorphosis to develop lungs for terrestrial breathing?

A. Reptiles

B. Amphibians

C. Mammals

D. Hexapod Insects

B. Amphibians

Polychaete worms crawl by means of leg-like parapodia which also serve in respiration, located near the___________

A. Flagella

B. Setae or Bristles

C.Pseudopodia

D. Chelicerata

B. Setae or bristles

The tapeworms are a monophyletic group in which Phylum?

A. Onychophorans (velvet worms)

B. Nematoda (round worms)

C. Annelids (annulated or ringed worms)

D. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

D. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

The ability to ____ is a huge benefit to birds. It allows them to exploit the resources/conditions of multiple ecosystems across both space and season.

A. Lay amniotic eggs, with hard shells,

B. Develop colorful feathers and behavior traits

C. Migrate from feeding to breeding grounds (and back again)

D. Disperse from the nest

C. Migrate from feeding to breeding grounds (and back again