4.4-4.5

indentured servitude

when servants agree to work for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to the Americas

chattel slavery

forced labor where people are considered property

asante empire

west african empire that traded with europeans

kingdom of the kongo

southern west african empire that traded with portugal

ming dynasty

ruled china from 1368-1644, restricted foreign trade

aztec empire

indigenous empire in what is now much of mexico

inca empire

indigenous empire in western south america

new spain

spanish colony where the aztecs once ruled, established in 1521

mexico city

spanish city built on the ruins if the aztec capital, tenochtitlan

francisco pizzaro

spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the inca empire

atahualpa

ruler of the inca empire, killed by pizarro in 1533

treaty of tordesillas

agreement that divided the americas between portugal & spain

hispaniola

island in the caribbean where christopher columbus first arrived (haiti & the dominican republic are today)

encomienda

system where indigenous people were forced to work in exchange for food & shelter (like serfdom in Europe)- often worked mining gold & silver 

encomenderos

rich landowner in the encomienda system

coercive labor system

system of forced work

hacienda system

large plantations where indigenous people farmed for spanish landowners, often by force

silver

metal mined for profit in mexico and south america (where bolivia is today)

mit’a system

incan system of labor obligation (young men required to devote some labor to public projects)

mercantilism

economic system used by european countries-gain colonies & resources, force your colonies to buy things for you

colonies

claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country

middle passage

enslaved africans’ journey across the atlantic to the americas

capital

material wealth available to produce more wealth

commercial revolution

the transformation to a trade-based economy using gold & silver 

price revolution

the increased supply of gold & silver discovered in the americas & entered the global trade system led to inflation through the economies of the world

joint-stock companies

owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them

limited liability

the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company’s debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment

east india company 

this joint-stock company was an example of developing european middle class who had the capital to invest & form successful business

dutch east india company

joint stock company in the netherlands

triangular trade

complex atlantic trading system that link africa, america, and europe

monopoly

granted certain rights— usually through a joint-stock company— or the government itself the exclusive right to trade

syncretism

the combining of different religious beliefs and practices

polygyny

the taking of more than one wife

creoles

american-born europeans

santéria

literally translated to “the way of the saints”. originally an african faith, it became popular in cuba then traveled throughout latin and south america

vodun

syncretic faith in saint domingue

candomblé

syncretic belief from brazil

virgin of guadalupe

syncretic symbol among indigenous american christians

viceroys

Spanish royalty appointed to act as administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown in the Americas

Audiencias

royal courts in America that allowed settlers to appeal to the Viceroy

Dahomey

African society which conducted slave raids and became richer from selling their captives to Europeans. They used firearms to subjugate weaker nations

Oyo

African society which conducted slave raids and became richer from selling their captives to Europeans. The most influence state in the period 1450-1750 CE