esters

don't know if you need to know the diff ways of making esters

give the general eqn for the formation of esters and state the conditions - what is this process called?

• conc H₂SO₄ catalyst

• esterification (condensation reaction)

what is the ester functional group?

how do we name esters?

• first part - from alcohol used (on RHS)

• second part - from carboxylic acid used (on LHS)

give 4 uses of esters:

• solvents

• plasticisers

• perfumes

• food flavourings

give the general eqn for the acid hydrolysis of an ester - state the conditions and products:

• dilute acid (typically H₂SO₄) catalyst

• heated under reflux

• products = carboxylic acid and alcohol

give the general eqn for the base hydrolysis (saponification) of an ester -state the conditions and products:

• heated under reflux

• products = salt (of the carboxylic acid) and alcohol

which alcohol are animal fats and vegetable oils made from in esterification?

propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol)

give the general structure of a triglyceride (lipid):

give and explain one example where saponification may be used and give the word and symbol eqn:

making soap - reacting a lipid w/ a strong base forms salts of the fatty acids

what are biodiesels? how are they made?

• biodiesel = mixture of methyl esters of long-chain carboxylic acids

• produced by reacting vegetable oils w/ methanol in the presence of a catalyst

give the word and symbol eqn for making biodiesels: