Unit 2- Executive Branch

Executive Branch

The branch of government that enforces and carries out federal laws, led by the President. It includes the Vice President, Cabinet, and federal agencies.

Formal (Enumerated) Powers

Powers specifically listed in Article II of the Constitution, like vetoing laws, making treaties, appointing officials, and acting as commander

Informal Powers

Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but used by the President to influence policy and public opinion. These include executive orders, bargaining, using the media, and setting the national agenda.

Treaty

A formal agreement between the U.S. and another country negotiated by the President. It must be approved by two-thirds of the senate

State of the Union Address

A yearly speech the President gives to Congress outlining their legislative priorities and national goals. It’s required by the Constitution and often used to rally support from the public and lawmakers.

Veto

The President's power to reject a bill passed by Congress, preventing it from becoming law. Congress can override it with a two thirds vote in congress

Pocket Veto

If the President takes no action on a bill for 10 days while Congress is adjourned, the bill dies. This type of veto cannot be overridden.

Presidential Pardon

The President’s constitutional power to forgive someone for a federal crime, canceling any punishment. It does not apply to state crimes or cases of impeachment.

Executive Privilege

The President’s right to withhold information from Congress or the courts for confidentiality or national security reasons. It’s a controversial and limited power.

Executive Agreement

An international agreement made by the President that does not require Senate approval. It is not as permanent as a treaty and can be undone by future presidents.

Signing Statement

A written comment issued by the President when signing a bill into law. It may express the President’s interpretation or concerns about specific parts of the law.

Executive Order

A directive from the President that has the force of law, usually used to manage the federal government. It does not require congressional approval but can be challenged in court.

War Powers Resolution

A 1973 law that limits the President's ability to send troops into combat without congressional approval. The President must notify Congress within 48 hours and withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress authorizes action.

Impeachment

The constitutional process where the House charges a federal official with misconduct. The Senate holds the trial and can remove the person from office with a two

Executive Office of the President (EOP)

A group of agencies and advisors that help the President manage the federal government. It includes key offices like the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the National Security Council.

Bargaining and Persuasion

An informal presidential power used to negotiate and gain support from Congress, interest groups, or foreign leaders. It helps presidents achieve policy goals without formal authority.

Bully Pulpit

The President’s use of media attention and public speeches to influence public opinion and push policy. It allows the President to shape the national conversation. (Speeches, Interviews, Media Appearances are all a unique platform.)

Going Public

When the President appeals directly to the American people to pressure Congress into supporting legislation. It’s a strategy to build public support and bypass political gridlock.