Anterior Pituitary: Hormones

What hormones does the pituitary secrete?

human growth hormone (hGH)

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What is a tropic hormone?

hormone that acts on another gland to have secretions of another hormone 

Human growth hormone (hGH)

       or somatotropin

What is its target tissue?

targets the liver 

Human growth hormone (hGH)

       or somatotropin

Function?

• How?

stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

• promotes protein synthesis, elevates blood glucose, breaks down fat, and growth of body cells

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

     or thyrotropin  

What is its target tissue?

Function?

Thyroid gland 

causes the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones 

Thyroid gland:

What are the cells of the thyroid follicle?

parafollicular (C) cell 

Follicular cell 

Thyroglobulin cell (TGB)

Thyroid gland: What are thyroglobulin cells?

precursor to thyroid hormones

Thyroid glands: What are the hormones of the thyroid gland?

T3 and T4, and calcitonin (CT)

Thyroid gland:

T3 and T4

• What are they called?

• What cell produces them?

• What are their functions?

Are thyroid hormones produce by the follicular cells 

increase basal metabolic rate, blood glucose, lipolysis, and protein synthesis

Thyroid gland:

Calcitonin (CT)

• What cell produces them?

• What are their functions?

  • increasing?

Produced by parafollicular cells

reduces blood calcium levels and increases bone density

• by inhibiting bone reabsorption by osteoclasts 

• increasing the uptake of calcium into the bone extracellular matrix

Parathyroid glands

• What cell secretes it?

• what do they produce and secrete 

• what are its functions 

produces and secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

• chief cells 

increases blood Ca2+ levels by increases bone reabsorption of osteoclasts (breaking down bone)

What hormones are involved in calcium balance?

parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid gland

and

calcitonin by the thyroid gland

What are gonadotropins?

• What are the types?

hormones that stimulate (act) the gonads

• follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

(GT) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

What are its target tissues?

• effect on females?

• effect on males?

T: ovaries and testes

F: development of the follicle for oocyte

M: stimulates the testes to produce sperm

(GT) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What are its target tissues?

• effect on females?

• effect on males?

ovaries and testes 

F: stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen

M: stimulates the production of testosterone 

What are the sex hormones?

• What stimulates their release?

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone 

• stimulated for release by gonadotropins

(SH) Estrogen and Progesterone

• what is it released by? 

• what are some of the tissues affected? 

released by the ovaries 

effects the breasts and uterus 

(SH) Estrogen and Progesterone

• What are its functions 

• what hormone is especially important for pregnancy? Why?

helps regulate the cycle 

second sex characteristics of females

prepare uterus for pregnancy

prepare mammary glands for lactation 

helps maintain pregnancy, especially progesterone, and assures that the uterus does not contract 

(SH) Testosterone

• what is it released by? 

• What are its functions?

released by the testes

maintain male secondary sex characteristics

sperm production

What hormones are needed to produce viable sperm?

FSH and testosterone 

Prolactin (PRL)

• what tissue does it affect?

• what is its function 

mammary glands

• together with other hormones stimulates the production and secretion of milk 

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

     or corticotropin

• what tissue does it affect?

• what is its function?

the adrenal CORTEX

stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol )

Adrenal cortex

• What are its cells?

• What do they mainly secrete?

• “Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex”

zona glomerulosa

• mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

zona fasciculata 

• glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

zona reticularis 

• sex hormones (androgens)

Adrenal Cortex: Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

• what are they secreted by?

• what is their function 

• “Go, Make”

zona glomerulosa cells

important for neural signaling, increasing Na+ and water, and decreasing K+ blood levels; increasing blood pressure

Adrenal Cortex: glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

• what are they secreted by?

• what is their function 

• “Find, Good”

zona fasciculata cells

stress hormone, increases protein breakdown, stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, dampens inflammation ,and depresses immune response

Adrenal Cortex: androgens 

• what are they secreted by?

• what is their function 

• “Rex, Sex”

zona reticularis cells

Assist in the early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes

A testosterone derivative in females contributes to libido and is a source of estrogen after menopause 

What does the adrenal MEDULLA secrete

• What cells?

• What is its effect?

Chromaff cells

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

enhances the effects of the sympathetic division of the ANS during stress