Gr.10 Bio Cell Structure (Cell Parts)

Cell Theory

1. All living organisms are made of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic organizational unit of life.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Two Basic Types of Cells

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cells

• Smallest cells

• Simple organization, primitive cells

• No membrane/nucleus

• One-celled organisms: bacteria

• Reproduce through binary fission: cells spit into two > exponential growth

Eukaryotic Cells

• Larger more complex cells

•multicellular

• Have a nucleus

• Have many specialized organelles

• Reproduce by mitosis

Cell membrane

• controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell

• separates the inside of the cell from the external environment

Cytoplasm

• includes the cytosol, the organelles, and other life-supporting materials, all contained by the cell membrane

• fluid material between the cell membrane and the nucleus

mitochondria

• Transforms energy stored in macromolecules into a form that can be used by the cell

• Outer membrane separates it from the cytoplasm

ribosome

• produces proteins/enzymes from the information passed on from DNA

• Made in the nucleus, composed of two subunits

endoplasmic reticulum

• transports materials made in the cell

• provide a huge surface area for chemical reactions to occur

• connected to the nucleus

vesicles

• transport and/or store materials inside the cell and sometimes help these materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell

• found throughout cytoplasm

Golgi body

• sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell

• near the nucleus

Nucleus

• controls all cell activities, stores genetic information (DNA) in strands called chromatin

• middle of the cell

chromosomes

• Carries and gives instructions from nucleus

• in the nucleus of each cell

nucleolus

• Produces and assembles cell’s ribosomes

• inside nucleus

vacuoles

• contain water and other materials and are used to store or transport small molecules

• within the cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

• Gives shape and support to cell

• extending from the nucleus to the cell membrane

cell wall

• adds strength, rigidity and support to cell

• on exterior of cell membrane

chloroplast

• trap energy from the Sun to make glucose, which is broken down in the mitochondria to power cell activities (photosynthesis)

• found in cytoplasm

Lysosomes

• Break down wastes

• Contain digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules

• primarily in cytoplasm

Centrosome(MTOC)

• Assembles and co-ordinates the activity of spindle fibres during cell division

• usually near nucleus

plant & animal cell diagram