human growth and development exam 1

4 broad domains of growth and development

social emotional, cognitive, communication/language, motor

non-normative influences

events that are irregular and happen to a few

normative influences on g & d

events that are strongly correlated by an age group and relative to historical events

general principles of growth and development

cephalocaudal, general to specific, proximodistal, sequential, orderly, predictable

what are the levels in Kholbergs theory of reasoning

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

stage 1 obedience and punishment

morality is determined by avoiding punishment

stage 2 individualism and exchange

morality is determined by self-interest and what benefits the individual

stage 3 good interpersonal relationship

morality is based on being a good person in the eyes of peers

stage 4 maintaining social order

morality is based on upholding laws and rules to maintain order

stage 5 social contract and individual rights

morallity based on social contract and understanding that laws can be changed for the greater good

stage 6 universal principles

morality based on universal ethical principles even if they conflict with laws

Piagets stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

sensorimotor

learning about the world through senses and motor actions

preoperational

using symbols and language to represent objects and ideas

concrete operational

developing logical thinking about concrete events and objects

formal operational

thinking abstractly , engaging in hypothetical reasoning and considering multiple perspectives

Eriksons stages of development

trust v mistrust

autonomy v shame and doubt

initiative v guilt

industry v inferiority

identity v role confusion

intimacy v isolation

generatively v stagnation

ego integrity v despair

trust v mistrust

infants develop a sense of trust in caregivers

autonomy v shame and doubt

early childhood - gaining self-control and independence

initiative v guilt

preschool - taking initiative and learning to plan and achieve goals

industry v inferiority

school age - developing competence in social and academic skills

identity v role confusion

adolescence explore ones identity and sense of self

intimacy v isolation

young adults form close, intimate relationships

generativity v stagnation

middle adulthood people contribute to society and guide the next generation

ego integrety v despair

old people reflect on ones life with a sense of fulfillment and peace

Fowlers stages of faith development

initiative- projective faith

mythic- literal faith

synthetic- correlational faith

individuative- reflective faith

conjunctive faith

universalizing faith

ecological systems theory

explains child development as a result of interactions with environmental systems, to broader cultural contexts and changes over time

microsystem

immediate family/environment

mesosystem

connects between different parts of the microsystem

exosystem

external environment

macrosystem

societal values, laws, customs

maslows hierarchy of needs

physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization

family functions

reproduction, socialization, economic support, emotional support

family structures

nuclear, single-parent, extended, blended/step, cohabitating

family processes

the internal dynamics and daily interactions that enable these functions such as communication patterns, rituals, problem solving, and role enactment

family roles

the behaviors and responisbilities members assume within the family

formal roles

prescribed by societal norms, such as parent, child, or sibling. they come with expectations like a parent providing discipline and a child showing respect

informal roles

based on personality and often unspoken

family communication patterns

based on conversation orientation and conformity orientation

consensual communication

high conversation and conformity. parents encourage open discussion but maintain final decision-making authority

pluralistic communication

high conversation and low conformity. open and honest discussion is valued and decisons are often made collaboratively

protective communication

low conversations and high conformity. obedience and parental authority are prioritized over open communication

Laissez-Faire communication

low conversation and low conformity. family members are disengaged and there is little to no communication or emphasis on conformity

family rituals

repeated, shared behaviors that hold a special meaning

stages of grief

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

family systems theory

views the family as an interconnected and interdependent emotional unit, changes in one members behavior or health directly influence the other family members

Duvall’s traditional family lifestyle

married couple

childbearing

families with preschoolers

families with school age children

families with teenagers

launching center

middle aged parents

aging family members

authoritarian

high control, low warmth, parents are strict and demand obedience without explanation

authoritative

high control, high warmth parents set clear rules and expectations but are also responsive, nurturing, and willing to explain reasoning

permissive

low control, high warmth parents are very nurturing but have few rules and avoid confrontation, they act more like a friend than a disciplinarian

uninvolved

low control, low warmth, parents are emotionally and physically detached providing little guidance or support

physical

genetics, health status, BMI, health promotion

environmental

where you live, physical environment, weather

familial

parents/ guardians, family members, family structure, parenting styles

experiential

normstive v non-normative, nature v nurture, stress, resilience

societal/ cultural

spirituality religion, culture, media, technology

institutional

government, laws, policy, educational systems, healthcare systems

nutrition

intersection of both biological and nurturing factors that affect brain growth and development

social determinants of health

economic stability, education access and quality, healthcare access and quality, social and community context

health promotion across the lifespan

different steps taken to prevent the chance of sickness before it happens

adverse childhood experiences

exposure to one or more categories of child maltreatment or family changes