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Mesopotamia
"land between the rivers"; an area of rich soil in the Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
City-state
a city that governs itself and its surrounding territory; sometimes they fought one another, other times they traded with each other
Artisan
a worker who is skilled in making a particular product by hand
Scribe
a person who copies or writes out documents; often a record keeper
Ziggurat
a pyramid-shaped structure with a temple at the top; each city-state worshipped their own special god in one
Epic
a long poem that records the deeds of a legendary or real hero
Cuneiform
a system of writing developed by the Sumerians that used wedge-shaped marks made in soft clay
Silt
fine particles of fertile soil
Irrigation
a system that supplies dry land with water through ditches, pipes, or streams
Surplus
an amount of something left over after a need has been met
Polytheism
belief in more than one god; Sumerians believed in over 3000 gods!
Fertile Crescent
an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began
Sumer
The world's first civilization, founded in southern Mesopotamia, circa 3000 BC
Wall
Each city-state was surrounded by a large one of these
Social classes
In Sumer, there were upper, middle and lower
Gilgamesh
A legendary Sumerian king of Uruk who was the hero of an epic
Inventions
wheel, sail, plow, bronze
Astronomy
The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space; Sumerians used this to learn the best times to plant crops
Bartering
the direct exchange of goods or services for other goods or services without using money
Caspian Sea
A large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia; world's largest inland body of water located between Europe and Asia
Mediterranean Sea
This body of Water separates Europe and Africa
Persian Gulf
Body of water surrounded by the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Iran
Tigris River
A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent
Euphrates River
A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Red Sea
This body of water separates the Arabian Peninsula from Africa.
Zagros Mountains
Mountains bordering the eastern boundary of Ancient Mesopotamia
Taurus Mountains
Mountains in northern Mesopotamia
Syrian Desert
A desert in Southwest Asia covering much of the Arabian Peninsula between the Mediterranean coast and the Euphrates River.
Arabian Desert
A desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia; largest sand desert in the world
Black Sea
This body of water is North of present-day Turkey, between Europe and Asia
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