Life Science_ Term 3 & 4 (Pt. 1)

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Circulatory System; Respiratory System; Excretory System

Biology

9th

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67 Terms

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Circulatory system responsible for
- transporting blood with oxygen from lungs to cells
- transporting blood with carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
- distributing nutrients from digestive system to cells in the body
- removing waste products to be excreted
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Open blood circulatory system
When blood leaves the blood vessels and is pumped into the body cavity
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Characteristics of an open blood circulatory system
- blood moves very slowly
- organism has low blood pressure
- restricted to smaller animals, like insects
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Closed blood circulatory system
Blood remains within a system of blood vessels
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Heart
- cone shaped organ
- strong cardiac muscle that pumps blood throughout the body
- contracts and relaxes continuously
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4 Chambers of the heart
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
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Pericardium
Protective connective tissue membrane enclosing the heart
- protects and anchors the heart to the surrounding organs
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Location of the heart
Behind the sternum, between the lungs in the thoracic cavity
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Path of deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood → superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs
Deoxygenated blood → superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs
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Path oxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body
Oxygenated blood → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body
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Purpose of septum
Keeps deoxygenated blood in the right atrium and ventricle separated from the oxygenated blood in the left atrium and ventricle
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Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?
It is responsible for pumping blood to throughout the whole body.
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Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, to our body organs under high pressure
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Veins
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
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Capillaries
Lie very closely next to the cells of the body
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Branch of blood vessels
Arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins
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Constitution of blood
55% fluid plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
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Erythrocytes
- red blood cells
- biconcave discs
- average life cycle of 120 days
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Hemoglobin
Oxygen carrying protein present in red blood cells
As red blood cells pass through the lungs, oxygen molecules attach to the hemoglobin
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Leucocytes
- white blood cells
- microphages, T-cells, B-cells, plasma cells, memory cells
- important part of body's immune system
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Thrombocytes
- blood platelets
- irregularly-shaped, colorless bodies present in blood
- play a role in clotting blood at the point of bleeding
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Process of blood clotting
The platelets gather at the wound, they begin to form fibrin. The fibrin threads then begin to form a web-like mesh over the hole in the leaking blood vessel. This mesh traps the blood cells within it.
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Pulmonary circulation
Short system that circulates blood between the lungs and heart
- part of the circulatory system
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Systemic circulation
Longer system that circulates blood from the heart throughout the body and back again
- part of the circulatory system
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High blood pressure
When the force with which the blood pushes against the walls of the blood vessels is too high and can cause damage to the capillaries and organs
- often results from eating too much salt
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Heart attacks
When an artery narrows or a blood clot develops in one of the blood vessels that supplies the heart muscle with blood, it can stop the blood flow to the heart muscle and can stop it from pumping (heart attack)
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Strokes
When cells in your brain are deprived of oxygen
- often occurs as a result of a blockage in the blood vessels leading to the brain, or when once of these vessels rupture
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Respiratory system
- deals with the exchange of gases in your body
- responsible for supplying the body's cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
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Path of oxygen in the respiratory system
mouth and nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
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Oxygen through the mouth and nose
Oxygen rich air enters the body through the mouth and nose where it is warmed by blood vessels which close to the surface of these openings
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Air through the larynx
Inside the larynx are vocal chords, as the air is expired the vocal chord vibrate, allowing us to make sounds
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Trachea
- tube that enters the chests and allows air to flow form the mouth into the bronchi
- kept open by cartilage rings
- splits into two air tubes (bronchi)
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Epiglottis
Soft flap of tissue located just above the opening of the trachea which prevents food from entering
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What happens when dust or germs enter the trachea?
The mucus lining the trachea traps the particles and the cilia on the ciliated cells work together to flick/move them out the body
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Adaptions of alveoli
Thin wall to allow rapid gaseous exchange
Large surface area for rapid exchange of gases
Rich supply of blood vessels to transport gases to and from the gaseous exchange surface
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Alveoli
The surfaces through which gaseous exchange occurs
- large air sacs
- found at the ends of bronchioles
- surrounded by capillaries
The surfaces through which gaseous exchange occurs
- large air sacs
- found at the ends of bronchioles
- surrounded by capillaries
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Lungs
- pink, spongy, air-filled structures
- surrounded by a protective membrane, pleura
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Diaphragm
Dome shaped muscle below the lungs that enables you to breath
- main muscle used for breathing
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Process of inhalation
Muscles between the ribs contract and lift it upwards
The diaphragm contracts; it flattens out
This increases the space in the chest and causes the pressure to drop
The low pressure causes air to be sucked into the lungs
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Process of exhalation
Rib cage returns to its rest position
The diaphragm relaxes; it becomes dome-shaped
This decreases the space in the chest putting increased pressure on the air in the lungs, causing it to be pushed out
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Breathing
Process of taking oxygen into the lungs and forcing carbon dioxide out the body
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Locations of gaseous exchange within the body
- in the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood back into the alveoli
- at the body tissue, oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells diffuses into the blood
- in the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood back into the alveoli
- at the body tissue, oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells diffuses into the blood
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Cellular respiration
Metabolic reaction which occurs inside a mitochondria of a cell and results in the release of chemical energy
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Common health issues of the respiratory system
Asthma, allergies that inflame the lung
Lung cancer, disease resulting from smoking/air pollution
Bronchitis, swelling of the lining of the bronchi due to infection
Pneumonia, alveoli fill with fluid due to infection
TB, infectious disease caused by bacteria
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Excretion
The removal of toxic metabolic waste from the body so the internal environment can remain stable
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Which metabolic waste accumulates in the body?
Excess mineral salts
Excess water
Nitrogen containing waste : ammonia, urea, uric acid
Non-nitrogenous wastes : nicotine, pain-killers, tranquillizers
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Functions of the kidney
Filtration of blood
Excretion of metabolic wastes
Reabsorption of useful substances
Control the pH of the blood
Osmoregulation
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Ureter
Tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
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Bladder
Stores urine
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Sphincter/valve
Controls the release of urine from bladder
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Urethra
Tube through which urine is released
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Aorta (kidney)
Carries waste products, nutrients and oxygen from the heart to kidneys
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Kidney
- acts as excretory organ
- bean shaped
- fit in between the rib cage and the pelvis, at the back of the body
- protected against heat loss and injury by masses of fatty tissue
- acts as excretory organ
- bean shaped
- fit in between the rib cage and the pelvis, at the back of the body
- protected against heat loss and injury by masses of fatty tissue
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Renal vein
Carries purified deoxygenated blood back to the inferior vena cava
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Renal artery
Carries impure blood containing metabolic waste from the aorta to the kidney
- branches off the aorta
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Nephron
Microscopic structure which carries out all the kidneys functions
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Renal Capsule
Protects kidney
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Cortex
Reddish outer area of kidney
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Medulla
Light pink inner area of kidney
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Kidney failure causes
Injury
Infection
Extensive use of certain drugs
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Renal dialysis procedure
Blood from the artery is pumped into the dialyzer dialysis machine
The dialyzer cleans the blood by removing metabolic waste
The cleaned blood is then returned to the body
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Disadvantages of renal dialysis
Treatment is time consuming
Patient may feel ill during treatment
Bleeding problems, due to the anticoagulants
Kidney machines are very expensive
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Bladder infections
Bacteria and other micro-organisms get into the bladder
- most common in females; shorter urethra and closer to anus than men
- signs :
smelly, cloudy urine
burning sensation when urinating
- can be treated using antibiotics
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Kidney stones
- hard crystals of calcium and salts form inside the kidney
- can block tubules and cause terrible pain
- most pass out of the body on their own, but others may have to be removed by surgery
- symptoms:
sharp pain on the side of the body
blood in urine
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Disadvantages of kidney transplants
Difficult to find a suitable donor
Operation is expensive
Kidney can be rejected
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Urinary systen
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