A & P Lab Exam 1

anatomical position

standing erect, heels together, arms at sides with palms anterior and thumbs lateral

axial region

midline, core of the body

appendicular region

limbs, appendages

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

towards midline

lateral

away from midline

superficial

close to surface

deep

away from surface

anterior (ventral)

towards front

posterior (dorsal)

towards back

saggital plane

coronal plane

transverse (horizontal) plane

liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & large intestines

major structures in RUQ

liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small & large intestines

major structures in LUQ

appendix, colon, right ovary & Fallopian tube

major structures in RLQ

left kidney, left ureter, colon, bladder

major structures in LLQ

integumentary system

skin, dermis, and glands
regulation and protection, prevents water loss

skeletal system

bones, cartilages, ligaments, & tendons
protection & support, blood cell production

muscular system

muscles attached to bones
movements, posture, and generates heat

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
regulates and coordinates sensation and movement (and many other functions)

endocrine system

pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, ovaries, testes, and pancreas
regulation and maintenance of growth, metabolism, etc.

cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels, and blood
transport of nutrients and waste, immune function

lymphatic system

vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymph tissue
immune response, circulatory functions, fat absorption

respiratory system

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, lungs, and bronchi
O2 and CO2 exchange

digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested foods, and absorption

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
waste removal, regulates pH, water balance

reproductive systems

male: testes, prostate, scrotum, penis, and duct system
female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina
produce sex cells and sex hormones

magnification

makes things look bigger

resolution

distinguishes 2 objects

ocular (10) x objective

total magnification equation (x)

d2 = x1 (10) x d1 (1600) / x2 (objective)

field of view equation (um)

cell size = diameter of field / # of cells

cell size equation (um)

cytoplasm

composed of fluid (cytosol) & organelles, contains cytoskeleton (provides structure & anchors organelles)

nucleus

surrounded by 2-layered envelope (folds to form nuclear pores), contains DNA and proteins, contains nucleolus (area of condensation inside nucleus where ribosomes are formed)

ribosomes

sites of protein synthesis, composed of a large and small subunit, assembled in nucleolus of cell and released into cytoplasm where they interact with mRNA

rough ER

has ribosomes, synthesizes phospholipids for cell membrane

smooth ER

no ribosomes attached, synthesizes lipids and some steroids

golgi apparatus

composed of cisternae, modifies / packages / and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by smooth and rough ER, secretory vesicles pinch off from golgi and move to surface of cell for exocytosis

lysosomes

membrane-bound vesicles that pinch off from the golgi, contain enzymes that digest foreign material that is brought into cell by phagocytosis

peroxisomes

lysosome-like membranous sacs that contain enzymes that detoxify alcohol, peroxides, and other chemicals

mitochondria

produce ATP, can be sperical / long and rod shaped, composed of inner and outer membrane (enzymes of citric acid cycle found in intermembrane space), found mainly in cells that participate in active transport of substances (gather near membrane where transport takes place)

centrioles

paired cylindrical organelles that form an X near the nucleus, involved in cell division (normally prominent only during mitosis)

cytoskeleton

made of actin, intermediate filaments, microtubules; for mobility and increasing SA (gives structure to cilia, flagellum, microvilli

cell membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

interphase

cell spends about 90% of its time in this phase, prepares itself for division by doubling its size and replicating DNA

prophase

chromatin coalesces to form chromosomes, centrioles migrate to poles of cell and project spindle fibers toward equator, nuclear envelope disintegrates and nucleoli disappear

metaphase

chromosomes attach by centromeres along equator of spindle fibers

anaphase

chromatids separate into chromosomes, 2 sets of chromosomes pulled by spindle fibers to opposite poles, cytokinesis begins towards end of this phase (plasma membrane pinches together along equator and create cleavage furrow)

telophase

cytokinesis pinches 2 cells apart, new nuclear envelope begins to form around 2 sets of chromosomes, chromosomes again become diffuse and spread out

diffusion

solutes move down their concentration gradient

osmosis

movement of water across a membrane

equilibrium

no net movement of solutes within the solution

semi-permeable membrane

only certain substances can pass through the cell membrane

isotonic

inside the cell has the same concentration of ions as the solution, so there is no net movement of water into / out of the cell

hypotonic

inside the cell has more solutes than the solution, so water rushes in and causes it to swell (lyse- swell and burst)

hypertonic

more water present in the interior of the cell than in the external solution so water leaves the cell and it becomes crenated

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

concentration gradient, temperature, molecule size, SA of membrane

factors that affect diffusion / osmosis rates

passive

is diffusion active or passive?

starch, sucrose

these molecules could not pass through the dialysis tubing

water, glucose

these molecules were able to pass through the dialysis tubing

initial

which is faster: initial rate or final rate of osmosis?

the glucose's small size

Why was glucose able to diffuse out of the dialysis bag while starch stayed inside?

small hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules and gases like oxygen and CO2

main factors that determine if a solute can pass through the dialysis bag / cell membrane

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

muscle tissue

Tissue made of cells capable of contracting

epithelium

type of tissue with cellularity, special cell contacts, polarity, is supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regeneration by mitosis, located on the surface

connective

type of tissue that develops from mesenchyme, has abundant extracellular matrix, includes collagen, reticular fibers, and elastin

muscular

type of tissue that has skeletal, cardiac, and smooth types, CONTRACTILE!

nervous tissue

type of tissue that carries action potentials, neurons make up the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

simple squamous
diffusion, filtration, secretion
capillaries, endothelium, alveoli (lung), glomeruli, eye lens

type of epithelial tissue, function, and location?

simple cuboidal
absorption*, active transport, secretion
kidney ducts, ovary surface

type of epithelial tissue, function, and location?

simple columnar
secretion of mucous, absorption
lines digestive tract, portions of uterus / uterine tubes

type of epithelial tissue, function, and location?

pseudostratified columnar
specialized goblet cells release mucous to coat passageways
respiratory tract, male urethra

type of epithelial tissue, function, and location?

stratified squamous
protection against abrasion
esophagus, mouth, vagina, anus, epidermis

type of epithelial tissue, function, and location?

stratified cuboidal
protection, secretion
sweat glands, ovary follicle, mammary glands

type of epithelial tissue, function, and location?

stratified columnar
protection, secretion
large ducts of some glands, some portions of male urethra

type of epithelial tissue, function, and location?

transitional
allow stretching as it fills
bladder, urethra, ureters

type of epithelial tissue, function, and location?

areolar
anchors skin to underlying tissues, anchors tissues together, around organs, surrounds capillaries, and between tissues
widespread throughout the body

thick purple = collages
light and web-like = reticular
dark and thin = elastin

type of connective tissue, function, and location? (and what are the lines?)

adipose
cushioning, insulation, energy storage
under skin, around kidney, eyeballs

type of connective tissue, function, and location?

dense regular fibrous
tendons and ligaments
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

type of connective tissue, function, and location?

dense irregular fibrous
strong in all directions
mostly dermis, capsules around organs and joints

type of connective tissue, function, and location?

hyaline cartilage
helps bones move smoothly past each other in joints
lines joints and caps the ends of bones

type of connective tissue, function, and location?

elastic cartilage
provides strength, elasticity, and maintains shape of certain structure
external ears

type of connective tissue, function, and location?

fibrocartilage
provides tough material of intervertebral discs
intervertebral discs

type of connective tissue, function, and location?

blood

type of connective tissue?

bone

type of connective tissue?

they are contractile!

what is unique about muscular tissue?

skeletal

type of muscle tissue?

cardiac

type of muscle tissue?

smooth

type of muscle tissue?

dendrite

part of neuron?

cell body

part of neuron?

axon

part of neuron?

specialized to carry electrical signals called action potentials

what is special about nervous tissue?

epidermis

what layer of skin?