Periodic Table Trends

Who organized the Periodic Table?

Mosely and D. Mendeleev

Period

Generally energy level

Group

Number of valence electrons (excluding the d-block)

Elements in the same group share sinilar chemical properties

What are elements in the s and p block called?

Representative elementa

(1A → 8A)

What is the melting point for metal?

High

What is the melting point for nonmetals?

Low

What id the melting points for metalloids?

Average

What is the state of matter of metal @ room temperature?

Solid except Mercury (Hg)

What is the state of matter of non metals @ room temperature?

Gas: Group 18, H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2

Liquid: Br2

Solid: C, P, S, Se, I

What is the state of matter of metalloids @ room temperature?

All solid

What is the conductivity of metal?

Good conductor of heat and electricity

What is the conductivity of non metals?

Poor conductor

What is the conductivity of metalloids?

Semi conductor

What are properties of metal?

Malleable: Hammered into a sheet

Ductile: Pull into wire

High Tensile Strength: Resist breaking

What are properties of non metals?

If solid, they are brittle

What are properties of metalloids?

Share properties of metal and non metals

What various groups are in metal?

Group 1: alkali metal; most reactice metal

Group 2: alkaline earth metals

Group 3: d-block; transition metals

Group 4: f-block; heavy earth metals

What various groups are in non metals?

Group 17: Halogens; Most reactive non metals

Group 18: Noble gas; unreactive (inert)

What is atomic radius (AR)?

Half of the distance between nuclei or identical atoms that are bonded together

What happens to the AR if you go across a period?

atomic number increases → number of protons increase → more positive power of the nucleus → electrons will be more attracted → gets smaller

What happens to the AR if you go up a group?

less energy level filled → smaller

What unit is Ionization Energy (IE) in?

Joules

What is IE?

The energy necessary to remove one of the valence electrons from an atom (in a gas phase)

What happens to the IE if you go across a period?

atomic number increases → number of protons increase → more positive power of the nucleus → harder to remove → higher IE

What happens to the IE if you go up a group?

closer → harder to remove → higher IE

What is electronegativity (EN)?

Ability of a nucleus to attract electrons closer (excluding noble gas)

What happens to the EN if you go across a period?

atomic number increases → number of protons increase → more positive power of the nucleus → electrons will be more attracted → EN will increase

What happens to the EN if you go up a group?

EN increases

What is ionic radius (IR)?

Ionic in a nutshell = Charged atom

What is a + ion?

• Lost electrons

• Ca + ion (Cat ion)

• Na+ < Na

• Gets smaller

What is a - ion?

• Gain electrons

• aNion

• F- > F

• Gets bigger

What happens if you go across a period and up a group?

AR decreases

IE increases

EN increase

Metallic characters (MC) decreases

What are isoelectronic particles?

Same number of electrons

P^-3

• 18 electrons (add to atomic number)

• 15 protons

K^+

• 18 electrons (subtract from atomic number)

• 19 protons

What do you compare in a group?

Energy levels

What can you find out from a period?

nuclear charge/ number of protons