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georges melies

french professional magician who made some of the earliest narrative films and pioneered many filmmaking techniques, such as dissolves, multiple exposures, and the use of storyboards.

jules verne

author whose surreal voyages inspired the films of georges melies, such as The Conquest of the Pole (1912), The Impossible Voyage (1904), and his most famous film, A Trip to the Moon (1902)

a trip to the moon

1902 film by georges melies which features an iconic shot of a cannon-propelled space capsule landing in the eye of the moon.

lumiere brothers

auguste and louis; According to a famous rumor, when they publicly screened their film L’arrivée d’un train en gare de La Ciotat (1896), the sight of a train directly approaching the screen caused audience members to panic and run to the back of the room.

cinematographe

motion-picture camera and projector that the lumiere brothers invented, from which the term “______” is derived.

workers leaving the lumiere factory in lyon

1895 46-second film by the lumiere brothers which was showed as part of a paid public screening of ten films in December of that year, an event that is often regarded as the birth of cinema.

jean renoir

son of the french Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste who had a career that spanned the silent film era to the early 1970s during which he worked in France, Hollywood, and India.

la grande illusion

1937 film by jean renoir about a group of French officers during World War I plotting an escape from a German prisoner-of-war camp that is considered one of the best films ever made

the rules of the game

1939 film by jean renoir, a satire about the French aristocracy on the cusp of World War II that is considered one of the best films ever made

the river in india

1951 technicolor drama by jean renoir; while filming it, Renoir employed future director Satyajit Ray as a location scout.

robert bresson

french film director who was known for his sparse and minimalist style, use of almost-exclusively non-professional actors, and the strong Catholic themes of his films.

a man escaped

1956 film by robert bresson that is influenced by his own experiences as a prisoner of war during World War II.

pickpocket

1959 film by robert bresson, a character study of a thief who believes himself to be above conventional morality which deeply influenced the works of Paul Schrader.

au hasard balthazar

1966 film by robert bresson which follows a donkey who is given to many cruel owners, and explicated his approach in a collection of aphorisms titled Notes on the Cinematograph.

jacques tati

french mime who turned to film directing in the 1930s.

monsieur hulot

character by jacques tati who he often played, who had a characteristic stumbling walk and a recognizable overcoat and pipe.

playtime

1967 film by jacques tati which is set in a futuristic Paris

mon oncle

1958 film by jacques tati which is a satire of the consumerism of postwar France

monsieur hulot’s birthday

1953 film by jacques tati which is renowned for its visual gags.

jean-pierre melville

french director who was renowned for his films noirs and gangster films, which include Le deuxième souffle (1966), Le Doulos (1962), Le Cercle rouge (1970), and Bob le flambeur (1956).

le samourai

1967 film by jean-pierre melville which stars Alain Delon as the professional hitman Jef Costello, who lives in a bare apartment with a small caged bird.

army of shadows

1969 film by jean-pierre melville which concerns the French Resistance during World War II and was unpopular upon release for casting Charles de Gaulle in a positive light

may 68

french political revolution which painted charles de gaulle in a negative light, thus making the 1969 film army of shadows unpopular

alain resnais

french director who was known for his experimentation with narrative forms and his close collaborations with literary authors.

left bank

faction of the french new wave, a community that tended to produce more intellectual, literary films compared to the rest of the movement.

marguerite duras

novelist who wrote the screenplay for Resnais’s 1959 film Hiroshima mon amour, which is about the romance between an unnamed Japanese architect and French actress, told in conversations between them intercut with brief flashbacks.

alain robbe-grillet

author who supplied the screenplay to Resnais’s 1961 film Last Year at Marienbad

last year at marienbad

1961 film by alain resnais, a disorienting film in which a man played by Giorgio Albertazzi attempts to remind a woman played by Delphine Seyrig of an affair they may have previously had.

night and fog

1956 documentary by alain resnais which documents the horrors of Nazi death camps.

agnes varda

french Left Bank filmmaker whose debut film La Pointe Courte (1955) is often cited as the first film of the French New Wave. she also directed a 1993 documentary on the making of The Young Girls of Rochefort, and was married to jacques demy until his death from hiv/aids in 1990

cleo from 5 to 7

1962 film by agnes varda which follows a young singer in real time as she awaits the results of a test that will tell her if she has been diagnosed with cancer.

vagabond

1985 film by agnes varda, a nonlinear drama examining the death of a drifter named Mona

le bonheur

1965 film by agnes varda about a man who finds happiness both in his marriage and in an extramarital affair

faces places

2017 documentary by agnes varda in which Varda and the street artist/photographer JR travel around rural France and create portraits of the people they come across.

jean-luc godard

one of the pioneers of the French New Wave (La Nouvelle Vague) that revolutionized cinema as an art form in the late 1950s.

breathless

film by jean-luc godard which featured a then-unconventional use of jump cuts. The film features Jean-Paul Belmondo as Michel, a criminal styling himself after Humphrey Bogart who is sheltered while on the run from the police by Patricia, played by Jean Seberg.

jump cuts

filmmaking technique in which footage is removed from the middle of a continuous shot to communicate the passage of time. it is used unconventionally in the film breathless by jean-luc godard

anna karina

actress who starred in 1960s godard films such as A Woman is a Woman, Vivre Sa Vie, Le Petit Soldat, Band of Outsiders, Alphaville, and Pierrot le Fou as she was married to godard from 1961 to 1965

1967

year during which Godard’s films Two or Three Things I Know About Her, La Chinoise, and Week-End were released, that marked the transition between his New Wave period and his more politically radical films of the next decade

dziga vertov group

maoist group of filmmakers that produced movies with jean-luc godard

goodbye to language

experimental 2014 film by jean-luc godard shot in 3d

jacques demy

french director who was known for his brilliantly colorful films with musical scores that took inspiration from Hollywood musicals and opera.

the umbrellas of cherbourg

1964 musical by jacques demy which stars Catherine Deneuve and Nino Castelnuovo as the young lovers Geneviève and Guy, who are separated when Guy is drafted to serve in the Algerian War

catherine deneuve

actress who was casted as genevieve in the jacques demy musical the umbrellas of cherbourg and returned to star in his 1967 film The Young Girls of Rochefort

the young girls of rochefort

1967 film by jacques demy which concerns the twin sisters Delphine and Solange, who move together from the title seaside town to Paris, where Solange is romanced by an American composer played by Gene Kelly.

francois truffaut

another co-founder of the French New Wave, making his mark on the movement with the 1959 film The 400 Blows. he also wrote the gangster film Shoot the Piano Player (1960)

the 400 blows

1959 film by francois truffaut about the juvenile delinquent Antoine Doinel, who runs away from home and school, is arrested for stealing a typewriter from his stepfather, and escapes a juvenile detention center in order to see the ocean.

antoine doinel

alter-ego of sorts of Truffaut who is the main character in the film the 400 blows as well as in Antoine and Colette (1962), Stolen Kisses (1968), Bed and Board (1970), and Love on the Run (1979).

cahiers du cinema

influential French film magazine where Truffaut articulated what became known as auteur theory

auteur theory

filmmaking theory which likens the film director to an “author” who shapes every aspect of a film according to a personal vision.

jeanne moreau

starred as the woman at the center of a tragic love triangle in Truffaut’s film Jules and Jim (1962).

day for night

1973 metafictional film by francois truffaut which won him the Best Foreign Film Oscar.

claire denis

contemporary filmmaker whose upbringing in France’s African colonies informed several of her films, such as her debut feature Chocolat (1988), White Material (2009), and her best-known film, Beau Travail (1999).

beau travail

1999 film by claire denis. Loosely based on Herman Melville’s novel Billy Budd, it stars Denis Lavant as Galoup, Adjudant-Chef in the French Foreign Legion in Djibouti, who attempts to murder a fellow Légionnaire.

high life

2018 film by claire denis which cast Robert Pattinson and Juliette Binoche to play criminals serving death sentences that are sent on a dangerous space mission.

35 shots of rum

2008 film by claire denis which is an homage to the Japanese director Yasujiro Ozu.

augustin-louis cauchy

developed the technique of writing a limit with the Greek letters epsilon and delta

aaron burr

Thomas Jefferson’s first vice president, serving from 1801 to 1805. In 1800 he swung New York to his running mate Jefferson, but due to a constitutional quirk, he wound up tying him in the Electoral College.

tammany hall

new york society that aaron burr helped build while serving as senator from new york alongside chase manhattan bank

alexander hamilton

blocked federalist support to aaron burr in the election of 1800 and was later killed by him in a duel

burr conspiracy

In 1807 the Jefferson administration put Burr on trial for treason for plotting to set up his own country in land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase, though he was acquitted.

elbridge gerry

James Madison’s second vice president, serving from 1813 to 1814 (when he died in office).

constitutional convention

event where elbridge gerry joined George Mason and Edmund Randolph in refusing to sign the Constitution, largely because it lacked a Bill of Rights.

xyz affair

1797 event where French agents demanded bribes while elbridge gerry, Charles C. Pinckney, and John Marshall were at France as a diplomatic commission

massachusetts

elbridge gerry later became governor of this state in 1812, where he reluctantly approved a partisan redistricting plan. A Federalist publication joked that one of the new districts resembled a salamander, giving rise to the term “gerrymandering.”

john c calhoun

John Quincy Adams’ vice president and Andrew Jackson’s first vice president, serving from 1825 to 1832 (when he resigned).

war hawks

nickname given to the people who supported the War of 1812, including john c calhoun early in his career

petticoat affair

event where john c calhoun’s wife Floride snubbed the wife of Secretary of War John Eaton during the jackson administration

nullification

Calhoun supported the this doctrine embraced by his home state of South Carolina to oppose the so-called “Tariff of Abominations”

tariff of abominations

document that caused john c calhoun to resign to express his opposition to jackson. During his later career as a senator, Calhoun became the nation’s leading advocate for states’ rights and slavery, which he called a “positive good.”

john c breckinridge

James Buchanan’s vice president, serving from 1857 to 1861. Taking office at just age 36, he remains the youngest ever vice president.

kentucky

state that john c. breckinridge served as congressman of, where he became the presidential candidate of southern Democrats who refused to support Stephen Douglas.

mary todd lincoln

wife of the 16th president who is a distant cousin of Breckinridge. When the Civil War broke out, he enlisted in the Confederate Army, causing him to be expelled from the Senate.

battle of new market

civil war battle won by john c breckinridge, where he served as the last Confederate secretary of war.

charles dawes

Calvin Coolidge’s vice president, serving from 1925 to 1929. he is the only vice president to compose a number-one song, writing the music for what became the 1958 hit “It’s All in the Game.”

dawes plan

proposed to resolve the financial crisis in Europe after World War I, through which the U.S. gave money to Germany so it could repay reparations to Britain and France. the namesake later won a nobel peace prize

reconstruction finance corporation

headed by charles dawes, which Herbert Hoover founded to alleviate the Great Depression.

hubert humphrey

Lyndon Johnson’s vice president, serving from 1965 to 1969. After losing the 1968 election, he returned to the Senate, dying in office in 1978.

dixiecrats

formed after southern democrats walked out while watching minneapolis mayor hubert humphrey introduce an anti-segregation plank in the 1948 Democratic platform

civil rights act of 1964

bill that hubert humphrey was instrumental in passing. After he became Johnson’s vice president, Humphrey faced criticism for supporting the president’s Vietnam War policies

election of 1968

During a convention marred by riots in Chicago, Humphrey won the Democratic nomination for president, but lost a close election to Richard Nixon.

spiro agnew

Richard Nixon’s first vice president, serving from 1969 to 1973 (when he resigned). him and John C. Calhoun are the only vice presidents to resign from office.

maryland

state that spiro agnew was governor of, where his moderate reputation and “law and order” policies led Nixon to choose him as his running mate.

attack dog

Agnew became known as this nickname under Nixon unleashing such creative insults as calling liberals “nattering nabobs of negativism.”

agnew scandal