Final Exam

Ch. 2,3,4,7,9,10

It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to do all of the following, except:

 

a. be aware of how cultural self-awareness and sensitivity to one’s own cultural heritage are essential for any form of helping.

b. be comfortable with differences between themselves and others in terms of race, ethnicity, culture, and beliefs.

c. ignore the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate.

d. monitor their functioning through consultation, supervision, and further training or education.

c. ignore the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate.

According to the text, personal values of the counselor influence all of the following, except:

 

a. our views of the goals of counseling

b. the way we conduct client assessments

c. the interventions we choose

d. how the clients’ life progressed prior to treatment

d. how the clients’ life progressed prior to treatment

Clients place more value on the personality of the therapist than on the ___________________.

 

a. specific techniques used

b. specific words the therapist used

c. therapist’s theoretical orientation

d. aesthetics of the therapeutic setting

a. specific techniques used

Wampold’s meta-analysis of many research studies on therapeutic effectiveness suggests all of the following except:

 

a. the personal and interpersonal components are essential to effective psychotherapy

b. the centrality of the person of the therapist is a primary factor in successful therapy

c. the person of the psychotherapist is inextricably intertwined with the outcome of psychotherapy

d. therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment

d. therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment

An authentic counselor is best described as

 

a. having the highest regard for all clients

b. being willing to be totally open and self-disclosing

c. being a technical expert who is committed to objectivity

d. being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted and model that process by the way it is revealed to the client

d. being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted and model that process by the way it is revealed to the client

Which of the following is not listed as a characteristic of the counselor as a therapeutic person?  

 

a. counselors have a sense of humor

b. counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems.

c. counselors make choices that are life oriented

d. counselors make mistakes and are willing to admit them

b. counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems.

__________ cannot be reduced simply to cultural awareness and sensitivity, to a body of knowledge, or to a specific set of skills.

 

a. Cultural diversity

b. Multicultural competence

c. Multicultural diversity

d. Theoretical pluralism

b. Multicultural competence

Norcross states that lasting lessons practitioners learn from their personal therapy experiences pertain to interpersonal relationships and the dynamics of psychotherapy mainly to  

 

a. work through early childhood trauma

b. learns to deal with transference and countertransference

c. recognize and resolve their codependent tendencies

d. become self-actualized individuals.

b. learns to deal with transference and countertransference

Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them to

 

a. heal their own psychological wounds

b. gain an experiential sense of how to control the therapeutic session.

c. understand their own needs and motives and how to heal them while counseling others.

d. learn how to work through their own personal conflicts while counseling others

a. heal their own psychological wounds

The role of a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting environment in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior and also to:    

 

a. teach and persuade clients to act the right way

b. maintain an indifferent, neutral, and passive role by simply listening to everything the client reports

c. avoids challenging the values of clients.

d. not contaminate the counseling process by imposing values

d. not contaminate the counseling process by imposing values

The author describes the characteristics of an effective counselor. By including this information in the chapter, he is hoping to convey the message that:

 

a. if you do not possess all of these characteristics, you are doomed to fail in the helping professions

b. deficits in these qualities almost always require years of psychoanalysis.

c. you will examine it and develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth

d. those who possess all of these qualities can bypass the requirement to participate in clinical supervision

c. you will examine it and develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth

During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow?

 

a. Encourage her to get the abortion as soon as possible, without exploring any other option.

b. Steer her toward having her baby and then consider adoption for her baby

c. Suggest that she go to church and pray about her situation

d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values

d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values

Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to

 

a. use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system

b. have an appreciation for a multicultural perspective in their counseling practice.

c. recognize the cultural dimensions their clients bring to therapy.

d. accept clients who have a different set of assumptions about life

a. use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system

You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as

 

a. resistance.

b. a manifestation of uncooperative behavior

c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context

d. a clear sign that counseling will not work.

c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context

Which of the following is not considered an essential skill of an effective culturally competent counselor?

 

a. Being able to modify techniques to accommodate cultural differences

b. Being able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages accurately

c. Being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly re-experience early childhood events

d. Being willing to seek out educational, consultative, and training experiences to

enhance their ability to work with culturally diverse client populations

c. Being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly re-experience early childhood events

Which of the following is not considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor?

 

a. Knowing how to analyze transference reactions

b. Understanding the dynamics and impact of oppression, discrimination, stereotyping, and racism

c. Being able to understand the worldview of their clients, and learn about their clients’ cultural background

d. Being aware of institutional barriers that prevent minorities from utilizing the mental health services available in their community

a. Knowing how to analyze transference reactions

Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except counselors 

 

a. avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions

b. feel comfortable with their clients’ values and beliefs.

c. are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients

d. employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or appropriate

a. avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions

If you are aware of the factors that sap your vitality as a person, you are in a better position to prevent the condition known as

 

a. therapeutic lifestyle changes

b. professional burnout.

c. Countertransference

d. ethical obligation.

b. professional burnout.

Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations? 

 

a. Learn about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving

b. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult

c. Be flexible in applying techniques with clients

d. Identify your basic assumptions pertaining to diversity

b. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult

The_______________ factors—the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors—are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome.

 

a. Logistical

b. Contextual

c. Psychodynamic

d. Technical

b. Contextual

If we are inauthentic, it is unlikely that our clients will detect it.

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

A meta-analysis of research on therapeutic effectiveness found that the personal and interpersonal components are, at best, only moderately related to effective psychotherapy

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Therapists should not admit their mistakes since that could diminish their clients’ confidence in them

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

Truly dedicated therapists carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

The vast majority of mental health professionals have experienced personal therapy, typically on several occasions

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Therapists need to be free of conflicts before they can counsel others.

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

It is not our function to persuade clients to accept or adopt our value system

 

a. True

b. False 

a. True

Your role as a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting environment in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

The general goals of counselors must be congruent with the personal goals of the client

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

If you try to figure out in advance how to proceed with a client, you may be depriving the client of the opportunity to become an active partner in her or his own therapy

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Counselors from all cultural groups must examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and assumptions about the counseling process and about persons from diverse groups

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Practitioners must have had the same experiences as their clients in order to have empathy for them

 

a. True

b. False 

b. False

The skill of immediacy involves revealing what we are thinking or feeling in the here and now with the client

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Ideally, our self-care should mirror the care we provide for others

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to

 

a. learn how to arrive at clear-cut answers for difficult situations

b. identify a specific ethical code as the source of answers to ethical dilemmas

c. exercise prudent judgment when it comes to interpreting and applying ethical principles to specific situations.

d. avoid making any mistakes in counseling practice

c. exercise prudent judgment when it comes to interpreting and applying ethical principles to specific situations.

What is the challenge of fulfilling the spirit of informed consent?

 

a. Tell clients about the nature of confidentiality

b. Strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little

c. Convince clients that counselors know what they are doing

d. Teach clients about state laws that pertain to counseling

b. Strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little

The ethics codes do not mandate that dual or multiple relationships

 

a. should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical

b. are clearly grounds for revocation of one’s professional license

c. are helpful in case of counseling one’s friends or relatives

d. are impossible to avoid

a. should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical

In regard to maintaining confidentiality, what would be the best course of action taken by counselors for their clients

 

a. Disclosing confidential matters to only those who claim to have legal privilege

b. Withholding certain information from clients early in the counseling process

c. Revealing or concealing information for certain clients based on their judgmental stance

d. Specifying it in informed consent and discussing their relationships with a supervisor or a colleague

d. Specifying it in informed consent and discussing their relationships with a supervisor or a colleague

Identify the only case in which confidentiality must not be breached

 

a. Clients pose a danger to others

b. A child under the age of 16 requests counseling sessions.

c. An older adult is being abused

d. The therapist determines that the client needs immediate, involuntary hospitalization

b. A child under the age of 16 requests counseling sessions.

Which of the following statements is not true about guidelines for ethical practice in counseling and psychotherapy?

 

a. Most professional organizations provide broad guidelines

b. Therapists ultimately have to discover their own guidelines for reasonable practice

c. Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose

d. Ethical issues should be periodically reexamined throughout your professional life

c. Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose

A therapist should consult with colleagues or specialists under all circumstances except

 

a. when multiple relationships are potentially problematic

b. when facing an ethical problem.

c. when losing objectivity.

d. when discussing past life choices.

d. when discussing past life choices.

Clients have a right to know about __________ before making highly personal disclosures

 

a. their therapist’s qualifications and personal information

b. the general goals of the therapist during personal counseling

c. the approximate length and details of the therapist’s personal relationships

d. limits of confidentiality

d. limits of confidentiality

Both the feminist perspective and the postmodern approaches charge that diagnoses

 

a. are an appropriate part of counseling sessions

b. are generally helpful to women clients

c. ignore societal contexts.

d. are an essential part of the medical model they follow

c. ignore societal contexts.

Marcus, a therapist in a community agency, recently divorced his wife and seems to be harboring anger towards women in general. His colleagues, who have noticed a change in his attitude and behavior lately, have encouraged him to seek personal counseling to work through his issues. They are

 

a. overreacting to his anger and are overstepping the boundaries by suggesting he go to counseling

b. unwise to suggest counseling since he will not benefit from it because he is a therapist and already knows how to deal with his problems

c. acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.

d. being unsupportive colleagues, since they should offer to provide counseling to him and not refer him to a professional outside of the agency

c. acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.

Counselors may effectively deal with multiple roles and responsibilities by

 

a. understanding the role-playing purpose and the particular situation

b. addressing power differential and boundary issues. 

c. resolving conflicts on a case-by-case basis.

d. following ethics codes.

b. addressing power differential and boundary issues. 

During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients’ needs or her own needs. Justine is

 

a. being overly analytical. 

b. actively working toward expanding her self-awareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability.

c. self-absorbed and insecure.

d. behaving unethically since she is preoccupied during her clients’ sessions.

b. actively working toward expanding her self-awareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability.

In the practice of counseling and psychotherapy, what does assessment refer to?

 

a. Identifying a specific mental disorder

b. Forming an explanation of the causes of the client’s difficulties

c. Evaluating the relevant factors in a client’s life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process

d. Gaining an account into how the client’s problems developed over time

c. Evaluating the relevant factors in a client’s life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process

What is the definition of evidence-based practices?

 

a. The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

b. Practices tailored to focus only on the therapist–client relationship      without addressing specific problems and symptoms

c. A set of actions focused on therapist-created techniques that do not have an empirical     basis

d. Standardized therapeutic procedures that are not time limited

a. The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

Contemporary therapy approaches need to be expanded to include which of the following to make them adequate to work with diverse client populations?

 

a. A multicultural perspective

b. Methods to shorten the length of the therapeutic process

c. Techniques to deal with unconsciousness

d. Strategies to study behaviors of a pluralistic society from an individual perspective

a. A multicultural perspective

Which of the following would be the most effective solution when therapists make use of technology?

 

a. Sharing appropriate information with clients

b. Following practices that limit the use of technology

c. Resolving transference and countertransference issues in the virtual relationship between the therapist and the client

d. Setting professional boundaries

d. Setting professional boundaries

Which of the following is not a recommendation for counselors to the use of social media? 

 

a. Limiting what is shared online

b. Limiting the number of contacts based on judgments 

c. Including clear and thorough social networking policies as part of the informed consent process

d. Regularly updating protective settings because social media providers often change their privacy rules 

b. Limiting the number of contacts based on judgments 

__________ involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it

 

a. Informed consent

b. Confidentiality

c. Privileged communication

d. Breach of confidentiality

a. Informed consent

What is the most recommended practice for therapists using the social media to establish clear boundaries and avoid inappropriate multiple relationships? 

 

a. To decide which contacts be kept

b. To inform clients at any point of the counseling process that only professional information will be shared

c. To separate personal and professional social media

d. To work only on the information useful to the counseling process

c. To separate personal and professional social media

Which of the following need to considered when working with diverse client populations?

 

a. Social and economic variables

b. Social and environmental variables

c. Environmental and biological variables

d. Cultural and environmental variables 

d. Cultural and environmental variables 

A boundary crossing could potentially benefit a client

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

The DSM-5 is based on a medical model of mental illness that defines problems as residing with society rather than with an individual.

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

Contemporary therapy approaches are grounded on a core set of values, which are neither value-neutral nor applicable to all cultures.

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Overemphasizing cultural differences is always appropriate in a counseling context.

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

A diagnosis provides a working hypothesis that guides the practitioner in understanding the client

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Confidentiality can be considered an absolute.

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

Clinicians who work in community mental health agencies, private practice, and other human service settings are generally expected to assess client problems within the framework of the National Association of Social Workers’ Diagnostic and Assessment Protocol Manual (3^rd ed.).

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

The central aim of evidence-based practice is to require psychotherapists to base their practice on techniques that have empirical evidence to support their efficacy

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Human change is complex and difficult to measure beyond such a simplistic level that the change may be meaningless

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

The only setting in which one might be forced to manage multiple roles is in community mental health centers.

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

The ethics codes mandate avoidance of all dual or multiple relationships

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

Multiple relationship issues can be resolved with ethics codes alone

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

If you are successful in establishing boundaries in various aspects of your personal life, you have a good foundation for creating sound boundaries with clients.

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Becoming an ethical practitioner is not a final destination but a journey that will continue throughout your career

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

The American Counseling Association uses the term “nonprofessional relationships” when referring to dual or multiple relationships

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes all of the following except

 

a. dreams.

b. post-hypnotic suggestions.

c. free-association.

d. material derived from introspective techniques.

d. material derived from introspective techniques.

A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense?  

a. Displacement

b. Reaction formation

c. Introjection

d. Projection

b. Reaction formation

Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the

a. oral stage.

b. anal stage.

c. phallic stage.

d. genital stage.

c. phallic stage.

Feelings of hostility, destructiveness, anger, rage, and hatred are associated with the

a. oral stage.

b. anal stage.

c. phallic stage.

d. genital stage.

b. anal stage.

The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to

a. treat specific learning disorders.

b. change overt behavior.

c. correct irrational thinking

d. make the unconscious motives conscious.

d. make the unconscious motives conscious.

A major characteristic of the classical psychoanalytic therapist is

 

a. openness and self-disclosure.

b. a deeply personal and sharing relationship

c. a sense of being anonymous.

d. a focus on specific behavior and an objective appraisal of learned patterns of

behavior

c. a sense of being anonymous.

The “fundamental rule” for the client in psychoanalysis is

 

a. forming a contract with the therapist.

b. willingness to do “homework assignments.”

c. participating in free association.

d. writing down dreams.

c. participating in free association.

A more flexible variant of psychoanalysis is

 

a. psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy.

b. psychoanalytically oriented reality therapy.

c. superego-oriented psychotherapy.

d. psychoanalytic behavior analysis.

a. psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy.

The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as

 

a. transference.

b. rationalization

c. countertransference.

d. interpretation

d. interpretation

The concept of resistance can best be described as all of the following except

 

a. everything that prevents a client from producing unconscious material

b. that which needs to be analyzed and interpreted

c. an inevitable part of psychoanalytic therapy

d. invaluable from a theoretical and clinical perspective

d. invaluable from a theoretical and clinical perspective

Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a “safer target”) is known as

 

a. Sublimation

b. Repression.

c. Introjection.

d. Displacement

d. Displacement

In Freud’s view, an individual experiencing neurotic anxiety feels

 

a. he has behaved in a manner that is inconsistent with his moral code

b. a realistic threat is present in the environment

c. he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately

d. guilt associated with past actions

c. he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately

Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways?

 

a. To refer to the death instincts

b. To refer to the energy of all the life instincts

c. To refer to sexual abuse

d. To account for the aggressive drive

b. To refer to the energy of all the life instincts

What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages? 

 

a. Anal/phallic/latency/genital/oral

b. Oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital

c. Oral/anal/latency/genital/phallic

d. Latency/oral/anal/phallic/genital

b. Oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital

In Erikson’s view, the major developmental task in adolescence is

 

a. intimacy versus isolation

b. integrity versus despair.

c. identity versus role confusion

d. initiative versus guilt.

c. identity versus role confusion

A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a sense of _________ during the_________ stage

 

a. intimacy; young adulthood

b. identity; adolescent

c. integrity; later life

d. industry; school age

d. industry; school age

Self-psychology and object-relations theory do not emphasize which of the following?

 

a. The influence of critical factors in early development on later development

b. The origins, transformations, and organizational functions of the self

c. The differentiation between self and others

d. The similar values of different cultures 

d. The similar values of different cultures 

Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the relational approach to psychoanalysis?

 

a. The approach is based on an egalitarian model. 

b. There is an exploration of the subjectivities of both client and therapist.

c. Countertransference provides rich information about the client’s dynamics

d. Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship.

d. Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship.

From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may display all of the following characteristics except

 

a. discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values.

b. be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach.

c. underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client’s world

d. include ambiguity in most psychoanalytic approaches

d. include ambiguity in most psychoanalytic approaches

All of the following are a part of Jung’s view of development except 

 

a. individuation.

b. the shadow.

c. Symbiosis

d. collective unconscious.

c. Symbiosis

The psychodynamic model offers a conceptual framework for understanding the history of the members of a group and a way of thinking about how their past is affecting them now in the group and in their everyday lives.   

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Psychodynamic therapists assume an anonymous stance, called the “blank screen” approach, as a necessary way to foster transference

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

The interpretation process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood.

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

In psychodynamic group work, symbolic figures from a client’s past may emerge

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Psychoanalysis provides therapists with a conceptual framework for looking at behavior and understanding the origins and functions of present symptoms

 

a. True

b. False

a. True

A person who manages his or her anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events is most likely using:  

 

a. introjection.

b. sublimation.

c. Denial

d. compensation.

c. Denial

The interpretation process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood.

 

a. True

b. False

b. False

Manufacturing “good” reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or losses, is known as:  

 

a. rationalization.

b. projection.

c. displacement.

d. introjection.

a. rationalization.

The young adult who adopts his parent’s outdated political beliefs to avoid unpleasant feelings of anxiety is an example of:  ​

 

a. displacement.

b. reaction formation

c. sublimation.

d. Introjection

d. Introjection

The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as:  

 

a. sublimation.

b. compensation.

c. Introjection

d. reaction formation.

b. compensation.