Skin Infection pt 2

What is a lesion?

defined area of abnormality in the skin

What is a rash

eruption of lesions

What is a exanthem

widespread rash on the skin

What is a vesicle/vesicular rash

A vesicular rash is a skin condition characterized by the presence of these vesicles (a small, raised, fluid filled blister)

What is a macule?

A Flat discolored area of the skin; desnt affect the thickness or texture of the skin (example is freckles)

What is papule?

Is a raised solid lesion (not fluid filled); may be discolored; has distinct borders

What is a maculopapular rash

It is a small slightly raised papule lesion that overlays or are interspersed with macules

What types of infections affect the skin?

• Respiratory infections: can have skin manifestations (especially viral exathems)

• Systemic Infections

• Nervous system infections

What is the agent that causes HPV and what does it present as?

It is caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) and usually presents as warts. HPV is a naked DNA virus. 

Note a papilloma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor- like growth that arises fromepithelical

How can warts/HPV be transmitted

Through contact, sexual contact for some subtypes

What are the signs of HPV infections

Common and genital warts. It can also be a persistant latent infection where the warts can remain dormant before reapearing

What are the common treatments of HPV/warts

Most warts actually ressolve themselves, however cryogenic, laser, and cauterization are all additional treatments

What diseases present with vesicular rash?

• Varicella (chickenpox)

• Zoster (shingles)

• Smallpox

• Monkeypox

• Allergic reactions

• etc. 

Describe some important facts about varicella and zoster (chicken pox and shingles)

Both were common childhood diseases until vaccination in 1955 and humans are the only reservoir 

What are the signs and symptoms of vricella and zoster (chicken pox and shingles)

Chicken pox: usually has a fever with itchy vesicular rash

Shingles: reactivation of latent virus painful with buring sensation, usally appears as a band on the skin

How are varicella and zoster diagnosed in the lab

NAAT

What is the treatment of Zoster and varicella

supportive care and antivirals for immunocomprimized patients

It does have a live attenuated vaccine for both

What is the cause of Varicella and Zoster?

It is caused by varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) which is a enveloped DNA virus

How is varicella and zoster transferred

Through respiratory droplets and verticle transmission

What are the disease features of varicella and zoster

Both appear as a vesicular rash. The primary infection is called varicella and the latent infection that appears many years later in a specific nerve is called zoster. This is why zoster is usually in a band pattern on the skin

What is HSV 1?

This is Herpes simplex virus 1 associtated with oral herpes. All herpes are DNA viruses enveloped and capable of latency

Where does oral herpes reside during its dormancy (it’s latent period)

The virus migrates to the trigemminal nerve. Here reactivation can occur by stress such as UV light or hormonal changes, yet this infection is more acute and less intense

What are the lab diagnosis and treatments for oral herpes

NAAT or a clinical dignosis, this doesn’t have a cure or vaccine how acyclovir (a drug) can help

How is oral herpes transferred

through respiratory droplet

How does the drug acyclovir a nucleoside analog, work?

These drugs inhibit the viral DNA replication, it does so by physically blocking the viral replication by mimicing like nucleotides thus creating a dead end

What is a maculopapular rash?

It is a small, slightly raised papule lesion (not fluid filled) it is then overlayed with macules and often seen in common childhood viral infections

What are maculopapular rashes typically associated with?

Rubeola (red measles)

How is rubeola (red measles) transferred

respiratory droplets and direct contact

What is the treatment and prevention of Rubeola (red measles)

Supportive care and can be prevented with an MMR vaccine (live attenuated vaccine)