bis 2c midterm 2

embryophyte

plants having an enclosed embryo, as within a seed or archegonium, including bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

gametophyte

the haploid multicellular stage in the alternation of generations life cycle of plants and algae. It develops from a spore by mitotic cell division. Spores are the products of meiosis in sporophytes. Gametophytes produce haploid gametes by mitosis.

sporophyte

the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga. It develops from the zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm and each sporophyte cell therefore has a double set of chromosomes, one set from each parent.

alternation of generations

when it spends half in halpoid and the other half in diploid

haploid

(n), only one copy of the gene

diploid

(2n), two copies of the gene

meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. 2n to n

mitosis

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. n to n

hornworts

sister to all vascular plants, are green and sporophyte grow continuously, gametophytes are flat and thick.bryophyte

liverwort

look like flat pancake, rhizoids that anchor them to the ground,probably what first plants looked like, first form is green thalus (pancake) and the second form look like mosses. bryophyte. asexual reproduction

mosses

most are small, green parts are the sporophytes, very acidic adn oxygen poor. homosporous?

rhyniophyte

small and usually fossils, you can see the inside structure, vascular tissue visible, extinct. had feature not present in bryophytes: sporophytes that was branched with terminal sporangia and vascular tissue. but they both have rhizoids.

lycophyte

includes lycopodium and selanginella. came after rhyniophytes, first divergent group of seedless vascular. club mosses, small leaves, dichotomous branching, bunches of sporangia

fern

fiddleheads, can grow on other species (epiphytes), sori on the underside, the sori are found in clusters, meiosis happens here. require water for fertilization. heteroporous

pteridiophyte/monilophytes

horsetails, ferns, megaphylls. had big leave (true leaves), dichotomous-overtopping-planation-webbing leaves,

megaphylls

leaves with multiple veins

equisitem/horse tails

reduced leaves, whorled leaves, sporangia can be produced on seperate reproductive shoot, had large leaves. monilophyte

whisk fern

loss of roots, reduced leaves, sporangia on branches, dichotomous branching, subterranean gametophyte, have antheridia. monilophyte

gymnosperms

includes gingkos, conifers, cycads, and gnetophytes. have seeds, no flowers, naked

cycads

large female gametophyte, pollen tube-male gametophyte-egg, they have swimming sperm but don't really need it. only one with highly elaborate leaves. gymnosperm

gingkos

motile sperm, leaves have two lobes, seeds, fossil record. gymnosperms

conifers

simple one veined leaves, sequoia are na example, non swimming sperm,

gnetophytes

welwitschia, looks like garbage, only makes two leaves in the desert, has cone, non swimming sperm, seeds, gymnosperms

angiosperm

flowers, ovules and seeds inclosed in arpel, fruits, double fertilization, endosperm tissue in seed, highly reduced gametophytes

sunflower

angiosperm, infflorence flower. has a lot of flowers

orchids

angiosperm

megagametophyte

the female gametophyte produced by a megaspore.

microgametophyte

the male gametophyte produced by a microspore

spore

a haploid reproductive cell that gives rise to a gametophyte.

megaspore

the larger of the two kinds of spores produced by some ferns.. produces megagametophytes

microspore

the smaller of the two kinds of spore produced by some ferns. produces microgametophytes

pollen

Each grain contains a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule, to which pollen is transported by the wind, insects, or other animals.

seed

a flowering plant's unit of reproduction, capable of developing into another such plant.

xylem

transport of water

phloem

transport of sugars

trachied

a type of water-conducting cell in the xylem that lacks perforations in the cell wall. very narrow opening

vessel/vessel element sieve

the water conducting tissue of plants. Vessel elements are typically found in flowering plants (angiosperms) but absent from most gymnosperms such as conifers. have a wide opening

element

companion cell

a living nucleated cell that is closely associated in origin, position, and probably function with a cell making up part of a sieve tube of a vascular plant

sepal

each of the parts of the calyx of a flower, enclosing the petals and typically green and leaflike.

petal

modified leaves and are typically colored.

stamen

the male fertilizing organ of a flower, typically consisting of a pollen-containing anther and a filament.

carpel

the female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an ovary, a stigma, and usually a style. It may occur singly or as one of a group

ovary

the hollow base of the carpel of a flower, containing one or more ovules

ovule

the part of the ovary of seed plants that contains the female germ cell and after fertilization becomes the seed.

fruit

a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of the flower, one or more ovaries, and in some cases accessory tissues. Fruits are the means by which these plants disseminate seeds. covers the seed

life cycles

the series of changes in the life of an organism, including reproduction.

sporophyll

a leaf that bears sporangia.

megasporophyll

a leaf that bears megasporangia.

microsporophyll

A leaflike structure that bears microsporangia, such as those of in the strobili of lycophytes or in the male cones of conifers. The stamens of flowering plants are highly modified microsporophylls

cuiicle

the outer layer of living tissue, in particular

antheridium

the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants.

archegonium

the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.

root

the part of a plant that attaches it to the ground or to a support, typically underground, conveying water and nourishment to the rest of the plant via numerous branches and fibers.

cambium/ lateral meristem

consist of the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. They produce secondary tissues from a ring of vascular cambium in stems and roots.

axillary meristem

an embryonic shoot which lies at the junction of the stem and petiole of a plant. As the apical meristem grows and forms leaves, it leaves behind a region of meristematic cells at the node between the stem and the leaf.

bifacial cambium

a perminant meristem, there is a succession of cork cambia redifferentiated in the primary cortex and (later) in the secondary phloem. The secondary xylem (wood) of a plant provides a permanent record of vascular cambial activity throughout the life of the plant.

thallus

a plant body that is not differentiated into stem and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system. Thalli are typical of algae, fungi, lichens, and some liverworts. pancake shape

stomata

any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width that allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.

microphyll

a type of plant leaf with one single, unbranched vein.

megaphyll

A leaf with more than one vein or vascular trace that is associated with a gap in the central stele

heterospory

producing two different kinds of spores

homospory

Producing spores of one kind only that are not differentiated by sex. The spores of homosporous plants, such as horsetails and most ferns, grow into bisexual gametophytes

chloroplast DNA inversion

double fertilization

complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms). This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm).

itnermediate and determinate growth

indeterminate growth refers to growth that is not terminated in contrast to determinate growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed.

phargmoplast

a plant cell specific structure that forms during late cytokinesis. It serves as a scaffold for cell plate assembly and subsequent formation of a new cell wall separating the two daughter cells.

plasmadesmata

a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them

streptophyte

phragmoplasts and plamodesmata, when they divide they pinch, apical growth, branched filaments, oogamy, zygote surrounded by haploid cells

mycelium

the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae.

hyphae

long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not grow as hyphae.

septa

a partition separating two chambers, such as that between the nostrils or the chambers of the heart.

yeast

microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

dimorphic

he differences in appearance between males and females of the same species, such as in colour, shape, size, and structure, that are caused by the inheritance of one or the other sexual pattern in the genetic material

absorptive heterotrophy

an organism which secretes enzymes externally into its environment to digest organic materials which are then absorbed, e.g. fungi, many protists and monera.

ascormycota

a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes.

basidiomycota

one of two large phyla that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya within the kingdom Fungi.

ascus

a sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop.

basidium

a microscopic, spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi. The presence of basidia is one of the main characteristic features of the Basidiomycota.

ascospore

a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycetes. Typically, a single ascus will contain eight ascospores.

basidiospore

a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia.

plasmogamy

stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.

karyogamy

the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei. Before karyogamy, each haploid cell has one complete copy of the organism's genome.

dikaryon

a nuclear feature which is unique to some fungi (the alga Derbesia is an exception). Compatible cell-types can fuse cytoplasms (plasmogamy). When this occurs, the two nuclei of two cells pair off and cohabit without fusing (karyogamy).

mating type

molecular mechanisms that regulate compatibility in sexually reproducing eukaryotes. They occur in isogamous and anisogamous species.

fruiting body

the spore-producing organ of a fungus, often seen as a mushroom or toadstool.

saprobe

An organism that derives its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter.

symbiosis

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

mutualism

the doctrine that mutual dependence is necessary to social well-being.

mycorrhizae

a fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.

lichen

a composite organism that emerges from algae or cyanobacteria (or both) living among filaments of a fungus in a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship. The whole combined life form has properties that are very different from properties of its component organisms.

the difference between gametes and spores

gametes fuse in fertilization and spores don't divide in meiosis. but they are both unicellular haploid cells

bryophytes

they are non-vascular and include the alternation of generations. they are kept small because of the transport and support problems.

evolution onto land include

cuticle, protected reproductive structures, embryos, protective cell walls, mutualisms with fungi (mycrorrhizae)

what are seeds good for

provides nutrition o the next generation, protected by seed coat, has dormancy

what does dormancy include

it allows seeds to remain viable for long periods of time, has led to ascent of human civilization, allows next generation to be dispersed, plant can wait for favorable conditions before starting new generations

complete flowers

flowers that contain all four types of organs

perfect or hemiphroditic flowers

flowers that contain both male, anthers, and female, carpels

imperfect flowers

flowers with either male or female parts

inflorescence

clusters of flowers