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What are the components of a signal transduction pathway?
A signal transduction pathway starts with ligands, which are the molecules that kick off the process. They bind to receptor proteins on the cell, which then send the signal through transducers to effector proteins that carry out the cell's response, leading to a final outcome.
What occurs during the process of reception?
signaling molecule binds to receptor of target cell. receptor of target cell undergoes change. this change activates the receptor and lets it interact with other proteins. after activation, the signal transduction process begins and the message is passed along.
What occurs during the process of transduction?
the activated receptor sends the signal throughout the cell. intracellular proteins get activated through phosphorylation. small molecules like cAMP amplify the signal. one protein triggers another, creating a chain reaction, or a cascade effect.
What is a phosphorylation cascade?
the amplification of a signal.
What is the function of a kinase?
the function or job of a kinase is phosphorylation, or to add a phosphate group to other proteins.
What is the function of a phosphatase?
the function or job of a phosphatase is to remove phosphate groups from proteins, or dephosphorylation.
How are proteins modified during the process of transduction?
Proteins are modified through processes like phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and methylation, which regulate their function, stability, and interactions. For example, phosphorylation (adding phosphate groups) and dephosphorylation (removing them) control protein activity, while ubiquitination tags proteins for degradation. Acetylation and methylation modify proteins to influence their localization and behavior.
Identify three possible cellular responses.
three possible cellular responses are gene expression, metabolic changes, and cell division or apoptosis.
Why would a different cell respond differently to the same chemical signal?
cells respond differently as different cells have different receptors, and activation may trigger different pathways. also, intracellular machinery and pathways can vary and lead to different responses. also, cells have different roles and functions which cause them to respond differently. for example, a muscle cell might respond to a signal by contracting while a liver cell may respond by releasing glucose.
What is the role of the ligand in the signal transduction pathway?
It is the chemical messenger. the role of the ligand is the messenger that starts the signal transduction process. the ligand binds to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, triggers a change in the receptor shape, and starts the signal transduction process.
What is the role of the receptor in the signal transduction pathway?
It receives the ligand. the receptor is a protein located on the cell’s surface or inside that binds to a ligand. when the ligand binds to the receptor, the receptor’s shape changes and activates it, starting the signal transduction cascade. the activated receptor then interacts with other proteins, resulting in a cellular response. in a nutshell, the receptor is essential for detecting signals and initiating the response that helps the cell react to its environment.
Where does the ligand bind on the receptor?
the ligand binds to the ligand-binding site or binding domain.
What occurs with a G-protein coupled receptor after binding to a ligand?
when a ligand binds to a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), the GPCR changes shape and the receptor activates a nearby G-protein. the G-protein exchanges GDP for GTP and the G-protein splits into active parts (the alpha subunit splits from the beta and gamma subunits) and these parts trigger other cell responses. second messengers then amplify the signal and the cell responds. the signal ends when GTP is hydrolyzed back to GDP, resetting the G-protein.
What occurs with a tyrosine kinase receptor after binding to a ligand?
after a ligand binds to a tyrosine kinase receptor, it causes dimerization, autophosphorylation, and the recruitment of signaling molecules. dimerization is when the ligand binds to the receptor, it causes two receptor molecules to pair together and form a dimer. once dimerized, the receptor adds phosphate groups to special tyrosine residues on itself; this is called autophosphorylation. the phosphorylated tyrosine attracts signaling proteins that help relay the signal, leading to various cell responses like cell growth or division.
What occurs with an ion channel receptor after binding to a ligand?
when a ligand binds to an ion channel receptor, it opens the channel, allowing ions to flow and change the cell’s activity.
How are signals amplified after reception?
a signal is amplified through various ways, such as a phosphorylation cascade. activated receptors trigger G-proteins or kinases which can activate multiple downstream molecules and create a domino effect or a cascade. second messengers can also amplify a signal, such as the molecule cAMP.
What occurs when the ligand binds to the receptor that initiated transduction?
when a ligand binds to a receptor that initiated transduction, the receptor undergoes a conformational change, resulting in its activation. this activation sets off a chain of events known as a signaling pathway/cascade which influence cellular responses.
What is a second messenger?
a second messenger is a small molecule or ion within a cell that relays signals from a receptor to target molecules in a signaling pathway.
Identify two examples of a second messenger.
two examples are cyclic AMP (cAMP) or calcium ions, which are activated in response to external signals like hormones or neurotransmitters.
What is the function of a second messenger?
the function of a second messenger is to transmit and amplify signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.
How does a ligand binding to a channel cause a cellular response?
when a ligand binds to a channel, it triggers the channel to open or close. this allows specific ions to flow across the cell membrane which changes the cell’s electrical charge or ion concentration, which can activate downstream signaling pathways.
