Concepts in Human Physiology

Midterm 2

ATP

-created by oxidizing nutrients

-O2 + glucose (becomes) H2O + CO2 + energy (becomes) ATP

Respiratory system is not breathing its

about respiration

Respiration

-the O2-consuming process that occurs in cells (cellular respiration)

acid-base balance

CO2 affects this, and CO2 levels in body tissues must be carefully controlled

removal of CO2

circulatory system, and respiratory system play essential support roles in ensuring the removal of CO2 from body
tissues, and excretion of the gas via the lungs, respectively

Cellular respiration 

-the consumption of oxygen

-occurs in mitochondria 

-the chemical energy released is captured in high energy phosphate bonds of ATP

Basics of cellular respiration

-nutrients broken down by enzymes in cytoplasm of cells form smaller acetic acid compounds

-the smaller compounds move to mitochondria for more processing

-in the mitochondria, the chemical energy released by the oxidation of these compounds is captured in the form of ATP

Cellular respiration reaction

-CO2 is produced from the C and O units of the glucose molecule

-CO2 is produced in the mitochondria, and the cytoplasm during the metabolism of nutrients to form the acetic acid compound

-O2 is combined with the H atoms of the glucose to form H20 as a byproduct

Organs of respiratory system 

-nose 

-throat

-pharynx

-larynx

-trachea

-bronchi

-lungs - alveoli

Oral cavity

the route for transfer of air and food

Nasal cavity

-moistens air

-traps incoming foreign particles

-

Palate

separates the nasal and oral cavities 

Pharynx

-throat

-passage from nasal cavity to larynx

Larynx

-voice box

-routes air and food into appropriate channels

-plays a role in speech

Trachea

-windpipe

-connects larynx to bronchi

-left and right bronchi are formed by a portion of the trachea

Broncholes 

smaller branches of the bronchus 

Ciliated mucosa

what the trachea, bronchi, and broncholes are lined with

Cartilage rings

keep the trachea and bronchi open

Cilliated epithellal cells 

-line trachea and bronchi of the respiratory tract 

-beat continuously in opposite direction of incoming air

-moves mucous containing dust away from the lungs  

Bronchial tree divisions

-primary bronchi

-secondary bronchi

-tertiary bronchi

-bronchioles

-terminal bronchioles (only one without cartilage)

Respiratory zone

-respiratory bronchioles

-alveolar ducts

-alveolar sacs

-alveoli (air sacs)

Gas exchange 

-Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion (Oxygen enters the blood, Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli)

Surfactant

-a lipid molecule

-coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

Alveolar macrophages

-“dust cells”

-add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris

Respiratory Membrane

-where gas exchange occurs

-air-blood barrier

-one side is air and the other is flowing blood

-Alveoli are very thin-walled
-Blood in the capillaries is brought close to the air in the alveoli
-Reduces the diffusion distance for O2 and CO