Physio review before exam

What are the excitatory postsynaptic potential that is a major function in the CNS

Glutamate

What are the two categories for Glutamate and what do they do

AMPA- net depolorization effect think AMP amplifies shoots curve up

NMDA- dependent of glutamate binding

What is another excitatory postnynaptic potential, but functions in the NMJ

Acetylcholine

What system(s) does acetylcholine function

PSNS and SNS

What are the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (2)

GABA and Glycine

Where is GABA and Glycine used in?

CNS and both are chloride channels

They cause Cl- to have increased permeability

GABA is always associated with Ach

What type of receptors are Glutamte acetycholine GABA and glycine?

ionotropic receptors meaning they are also ligand gated

How are metabolic receptors different from ionotropic

They are longer-lasting and have a slow onset. In addition, they have an intracellular conformation regarding the G protein that alters the GPCR. So not channel is directly opened rather a cellular response or an enzyme activation such as Phospholpiase with IP3 + DAG or adenycyclase both leading to protein kinase

In metabotropic which causes a cellular response after confromation change alpha beta or gamma

Beta and Gamma

Which metabotropic receptor causes a activation of enzymes as a secondary response

Alpha

What are the 7 processes of the skeletal muscle contraction

1. AP

2. Ca enters presynaptic

3. Ach diffuses from presynaptic

4. Ach reaches the nicotinic receptor of the end plate and causes Na to rush in and K to rush out

5. The motor end plate begins to depolarize from the sodium from -90 to -50

6. The depolarization eventually leads to an AP

7. Acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh, causing the end-plate potential to stop. Then sodium and Chlorine fill presynaptuc and Acetate is a product of the Ache degregation

What is the cardiac function mechanism for the sympathetic system on T1- T5

1. NE and Epi bind to the Beta1 receptor / Gs protein

2. increase adenyl cyclase, Camp, PKA

Result: L-type Ca 2+ channels increasing Ca influx

Phospholamban- incrased SERCA and Ca reuptake in the SR

Troponin 1 senstitivity of Ca is decreased

Faster and stronger heartbeat

What is the cardiac function mechanism for the parasypathetic system CNX-vagus

1. ACh release onto M2 receptor

2. decreases Adenyl cyclase, Camp, and PKA

Net effect: Decreased heart rate, contraction force, relaxation, conduction velocity

What is the mechanism of a smooth muscle contraction?

1. L-type channel allows Ca to enter, or Ca is provided by the SR

2. Ca comes into contact with calmodulin, which binds 4 calciums

3. the calcium and calmodulin binding activates MLCK, which phosphoraltes the myosin light chain using ATP

4. Cross-bridge formation takes place as activated myosin binds to actin filaments and causing a contraction

5. to relax Ca decreases MLCP dephosphorylates myosin

6. Cross bridge cycling then stops

Major distinction is calmodulin instead of troponin

Skeletal muscle contraction

1. AP goes down the T tubules

2. Depolorization activates DHPR causing a confromational change that opens ryonidine receptors Ca channels open releasing Ca from the SR

3. Ca increases

4. Ca binds troponin C sites 1 and 2 have a low affinity unless their is a high concentration. sites 3 and 4 have a high affinity for Ca and are always occupied

5. Conformation change moves tropomyosin away from myosin binding site on actin

6. ATP binds myosin and release actin

7. ATP hydrolyses and ADP myosin head is energized

8. Myosin binds a new actin site

9. phosphate release triggers the power stroke pulling actin towards M line causing a contraction

What makes up myosin tail

One pair of heavy chains

What makes up the two globular heads of myosin

two pairs of light chains

What runs along actin that blocks myosin binding sites

tropomyosin

(troponin C has a pocket for calcium)

Cytoskeletal protein: Dystropin

Anchors myofibrils to cell membrane

Cytoskeletal protein:Titin

Centers thick filaments in the sarcomere

Cytoskeletal protein: Nebulin

sets length of thin filaments

Botulinum toxin

Blocks the release of Ach

Myasthenia gravis (think grave as in dead/ destroyed)

Autoantibody binds and destroys the nicotinic Ach receptor

What compresses to make a contraction (within the muscle cells)

Z lines

Smooth muscle tone: phasic smooth muscle

Rapid contraction and relaxation

Smooth muscle tone: Tonic smooth M

Maintain tensions for long periods (slow and sustained)

• Latch state myosis stays attached to actin for longer periods rather than immediately dissociating

• MLCP removes phosphate from myosin head while it is still attached to actin, so it detaches extremely slowly and holds tension using less ATP

How does an alpha 1 receptor work

how does an alpha 2 receptor work

How does beta 1 receptor work

How does beta 2 receptor work

where are the sympathetic and parasympathetic origins in the body

Explain the Somatic nervous system

Explain the autonomic system: sympathetic

Explain the autonomic system: parasympathetic

Sympathetic preganglionic fiber is [short/ long] and post ganglionic is [short/ long]

Parasympathetic preganglionic fiber is [short/ long] and post ganglionic is [short/ long]

Explain the reciprocal innervation system used in the bladder

1. SNS for urine storage

2. SNS inhibited to relax internal sphincter (keeps it closed)and remove PSNS inhibition

3. PSNS stimulated to cause contraction of the bladder wall (release of Ach)

4. External sphincter relaxed by voluntary action using skeletal m.

What are the 6 functions of the CNS regions

So many people may do THC

Spinal cord

medulla

pons

Midbrain

Diencephelon

• Thalamus

• Hypothalmus

Telencephalon

• Cerebral cortex

• basal ganglia

• hippocampus

What is the spinal cord responsible for

Carry AP originating in the skin, muscles tendons, joints and visceral organs to the spinal cord

Can control muscle stretch reflexes and limb withdrawl from painful stimulis

What are the functions of the Medulla?

Cardiovascular regulation

Resp. regulation

Swallowing

Digestions

Vocalization

what is the function of the pons

facial sensation

mastication

relay to cerebellum w

what is the function of the midbrain

contains superior and inferior colliali

superior= visual

inferior= auditory

what is the function of the diencephalon (2 parts)

thalmus: relay station for modulator of info being passed to cerebral cortex from sensory system

Hypothalmus: regulates the autonomic nervous system and controls hormone secreation

what is the function of the telencephalon (3 parts)

So many people may do TH THCB

Cerbral cortex: vol. mvmnt, sensory integration, sensory perception

Basal Ganglia: modulate motor functions of cerebral cortex

Hippocampus: Memory and spatial learning

review

reviewed

receptor review

reviewed

Skeletal and cardiac have ______, ________, _______

while smooth m has _______,______,_______

What are the functions of blood

Transportation of nutrients, gases, waste products and hormones

Regulation: thermoregulation, fluid and electrolyte balance and pH balance

Protection: immunity and hemostasis (blood clotting)

What is hematocrit

Percentage of blood volume occupied by erthrocytes

25-60% depending on species

What is the blood pH range

7.35-7.45

review know all red #s and name of seperating walls

reviewed

What is the ECF volume of a 105 kg pig?

105 kg x .2= 21L or 21,000 mL

What are the 3 granulocytes and where are they located

Neutrophils

basophils

Eosinophils

Cytoplasm

What are two agranulocytes and what is the location

Monocytes- produced in bone marrow

Lymphocytes- produced in lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphoid clusters in intestines

inflammatory mediators and aid immune function

What 3 species have more neutorpohils compared to lymphocytes

Dog

cat

horse

What 4 species have more lymphocytes compared to neutrophils

cow

sheep

goat

pig

Granulocytes return or do not return to the blood after leaving

do not

Monocytes in blood become fixed _______ in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes

macrophages

life span of T cells

100-200 days

Life span of B cells

2-4 days

Memory B and T cells life span

Years

What is the first leuokocytes to arrive at site of acute inflammation?

Neutrophils

phagocytize= pus

Neutrophil: lactoferrin function

Sequesters iron, which is needed for bacterial growth

What is the cycle of monocytes **

Leave blood→ enter tissue→ transform to macrophages→ kill phagocytized microbes using acidic pH, enzymes, and hydrogen peroxide

monocytes= intravascular or extravascular

macrophages= intravascular or extravascular

Intra (blood)

Extra (tissue)

What are mobile cells

Macrophages (circulating monocytes)

What are fixed cells

Kupffer cells (liver spleen LN)

What are the functions of eosinophils (2)

Parasites→ granules discharged onto opsonized parasites

Limit allergies→ granules contain histaminase→ dampen and terminate inflammatory allergic reactions

dampen allergic reaction

What are the functions of basophils (will have a low # in healthy animals)

Receptors for IgE (antibodies associated with allergies)

Antigen binds IgE on basophil → basophil ruptures→ promote local vascular and tissue allergic reaction

Granules contain histamine and bradykinin, serotonin, and lysosomal enzymes

Promote allergic reaction

Cytotoxin t-cells what are there function, humoral immunity and function

Directly destroys infected abnormal cells

Activated Bcells

Proliferate after recognizing and antigen

Helper t cells what are there function, humoral immunity and function

Coordinate the immune response

memory b cells

cells that arespond rapidly to future exposure

memory T cells what are there function, humoral immunity and function

Long-lived cells that "remember" previous antigens

Plasma cells

Produce and secrete large quantities of antibodies

What makes up hemoglobin molecules

 4 globin chains, 4 heme groups (each group has iron→ can carry 4 oxygen molecules
)

What is erythropoiesis→

production of erthrocytes

erthropoietin from kidneys stimulates production and the rate is controlled by oxygen need

reticulocytes → immature RBC that retain some ribosomes→ mature in blood after a few days

explain primary hemostasis formation of a temporary platelet plug

what are the major differences in plasma vs. serum

Plasma: clotting factors are present; has fibrinogen, SHould be collected with anticoagulant

Serum: No clotting factors, no fibrinogen, Blood should be allowed to clot before collection

How do epidermal structure contribute to barrier function

Protect from desiccation and the environment

What is the epidermis made of

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the dermis made of

collagen, elastic, reticular fiber

What are the epidermal layers superficial to deep

Function of epidermal cells: keratinocytes

barier formation

Function of epidermal cells: melanocytes

melanin UV protection prevents sunburns and DNA damage

Function of epidermal cells: langerhans cells

antigen presentation, immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune reactions

Function of epidermal cells:mast cells

inflammation, immune suveillance, wound healing and allegic reactions

Function of epidermal cells:Merkel

tough sensation discern fine details and pressure

How does skin contribute to thermoregulation: melanocytes

in epidermis help to prevent sunbirns by providing UV protection

How does skin contribute to thermoregulation: dermis

helps to regulate body temperture via blood vessels and sweat glands

How does skin contribute to thermoregulation:hypodermis

serves as insulation and fat storage

How does skin contribute to thermoregulation:Hair

Mechanical protection and thermoregulation by retaining heat and protecting agaisnt excessive heat. some species have sweat glands

Functions of body hair in animals

Major routes of skin penetration: transepidermal

drug patches

transcellular: substance must be able to pass through cells

Intercellular: substance passes through the lipid matrix around cells→ favored by drugs

Transappendageal route

Pilosebaceous route (sebaceous gland, sebaceous gland duct, follicular epithelium

Diffusion via the hair follicle and the sweat gland

Skin factors affecting skin permeability: hydration

hydrated skin is more permeable

Skin factors affecting skin permeability: temperature

increased temp→ increased blood flow and permeability

Skin factors affecting skin permeability: integrity

skin injury or disease→ increased permeable

Skin factors affecting skin permeability: age

younger skin more permeable

skin factors affecting skin permeability: thickness

thicker skin less permeable

factors affecting skin permeability: drug factors size

small molecules penetrate easily

factors affecting skin permeability: drug factors lipid solubility

lipid soluable substance penetrate easily

factors affecting skin permeability: drug factors charge

non-ionized substances penetrate easily