Blood

What kind of tissue is blood?

connective

blood is water percent water?

90

erythrocytes

Red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

formed elements are what percent of blood

45

plasma is what percent of blood

55

function of albumin

osmotic balance, pH buffering

function of fibrinogen

clotting of blood

function of globulins

defense (antibodies) and lipid transport

what 4 substances are transported in the blood

nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, hormones

what forms the bulk of the formed elements?

erythrocytes

the largest leukocyte

monocyte

the most abundant leukocyte

neutrophil

which 2 leukocytes are agranular?

lymphocyte and monocyte

purpose of neutrophil

eat bacteria

purpose of eosinophil

kill parasites, destroy antigen-antibody complexes, inactivate inflammation

purpose of basophil

release histamine, contain heparin, promote inflammation

what is heparin

anticoagulant

purpose of lymphocyte

mount immune response by direct cell attack or by antibodies

purpose of monocyte

phagocytosis, develop into macrophages in tissues

purpose of platelets

seal small tears in blood vessels, blood clotting

purpose of erythrocytes

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

which 3 leukocytes contain granules

neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil

life span of platelets

5-10 days

life span of erythrocytes

100-120 days

stain used to dye blood

Wright's stain

rbc's are destroyed where

spleen

if you see a lot of nucleated RBCs in the blood stream, this could mean

anemia because the bone marrow is releasing them too early

what stem cells form both erythrocytes and leukocytes

hemocytoblast

where are blood stem cells found

bone marrow

diapedesis

the ability of leukocytes to move in and out of the blood vessels

the number of these increase greatly during acute infections

neutrophil

where are agranulocytes most abundant

lymphoid tissues

the smallest leukocyte

basophil

B lymphocytes

produce antibodies

T lymphocytes

destroy grafts, tumors, virus-infected cells

most abundant leukocyte to least abundant

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

platelets are fragments of which cell

megakaryocytes

leukocytosis

abnormally high WBC count

leukocytosis may indicate

bacterial or viral infection, metabolic disease, hemorrhage, poisoning

leukopenia

abnormally low WBC count

leukopenia may indicate

typhoid fever, measles, infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis, TB, excessive antibiotic or x-ray treatment

leukemia

disorder of the lymphoid tissue with uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs

polycythemia

increase in RBCs

polycythemia may indicate

bone marrow cancer, living at high altitudes

anemia

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs

differential WBC count

count 100 wbc's and classify according to type

hematocrit

packed cell volume occupied by RBC

which test is done when anemia is suspected

hematocrit

normal hematocrit for males

47 +- 7

normal hematocrit for females

42 +- 5

WBCs comprise what percent of total blood volume

1%

Heme binds

oxygen

Globin binds

carbon dioxide

normal bleeding time

0-7 minutes

coagulation

blood clotting

injured tissue and platelets release

tissue factor (TF) and PF3

TF and PF3 trigger

clotting mechanism

TF and PF3 interact with blood clotting proteins to form

prothrombin activator

prothrombin activator converts

prothrombin to thrombin

thrombin acts to

polymerize fibrinogen to fibrin

antigens

glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane

agglutinogens

antigens

agglutinins

antibodies

antibodies

plasma proteins that react to RBCs with different antigens

People who carry the Rh antigen

Rh+

if a Rh- person receive Rh+ blood, over time their body will

begin to produce anti-Rh antibodies

contains antigens A and B

Type AB

contains antigen A

Type A

contains antigen B

Type B

contains no antigen

Type O

universal donor

Type O

universal recipient

Type AB

contains anti-B antibody

Type A

contains anti-A antibody

Type B

contains anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Type O

contains no antibodies

Type AB

atherosclerosis

body's blood vessels become occluded by plaques

thrombi

blood clots

hemolysis

breaking open of blood cells

eosinophilia

high concentration of eosinophils in the blood, too much of a allergic response

hypochromic

pale in color

microcytic

small cell

macrocytic

large cell

normal cholesterol range

130-200

clumps with anti-A serum

Type A and Type AB

clumps with anti-B serum

Type B and Type AB

doesn't clump with anti-A or anti-B serums

Type O

clumps with anti-A or anti-B serums

Type AB

clumps with Type A antigens

Type B and Type O

clumps with Type B antigens

Type A or Type O

doesn't clump with Type A or B antigens

Type AB

eosino-

red

porphyria

enzymes needed to form heme groups are lacking, skin becomes lesioned (vampires)

faster clotting mechanism

extrinsic pathway

slower clotting mechanism

intrinsic pathway

all factors needed for clotting are present in blood

intrinsic pathway

tissue factor III triggers

extrinsic pathway

Von Willebrand factor (VWF)

Assist platelets to adhere to the collagen fibers

maintains RBCs biconcave shape

spectrin