A&P Lab Exam 3

Identify this

Lamellar corpuscles

Identify this

Lamellar corpuscles

Lamellar corpuscle function

deep pressure receptors

Identify this

Meissner Corpuscle

Identify this

Meissner Corpuscle

Meissner Corpuscle function

Light touch detectors

Identify this

Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

Location of the ossicles

Middle ear

Malleus' function and location

Attached to tympanic membrane Articulates with incus

Incus' location and functions

Articulates with the stapes

Stapes' location and functions

Attached to the inner ear on the oval window

Identify this

Oval window

Oval window function

Where vibrations pass into cochlea into scala vestibuli

Identify this

Eustachian (pharyngotympanic) tube

Eustachian (pharyngotympanic) tube location

Connects middle ear to the nasopharynx

Eustachian (pharyngotympanic) tube function

Equalizes air pressure across tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Identify this

Organ of Corti (Spiral organ)

Organ of Corti (Spiral organ) location

Cochlea in the inner ear

Organ of Corti (Spiral organ) function

Converts vibrations in cochlea fluid into an electrical signal

Identify this

Vestibule

Vestibule location

Inner ear

Vestibule function

Has macula that sense head position and rotation

Identify this

Cristae ampullaris

Cristae ampullaris function

senses rotational head movement

Cristae ampullaris location

base of the semicircular canals

Semicircular canals location

Inner ear

Semicircular canals function

Have equilibrium receptors to monitor dynamic equilibrium

How the semicircular canals work

As 1 canal moves internal fluid moves in the opposite direction causing the crista ampullaris to bend

Identify this

Auricle (pinna)

Auricle (pinna) location and function

Outer ear that collects and directs sound waves into the auditory canal

Identify this

Auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)

Auditory canal (external acoustic meatus) function

Transmits sound waves to eardrum (Tympanic membrane)

Identify this

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Tympanic membrane (ear drum) location and function

End of the auditory canal, vibrates after it is struck by sound waves

Identify this

Neutrophil

Neutrophil functions

WBC, rapidly responds to the site of infection

Abnormally high amounts of neutrophils indicates

Infection, inflammation, bacteria

Identify this

Eosinophil

Eosinophil functions

Counteract histamines (inflammatory chemicals)

Abnormally high amounts of Eosinophil indicates

Allergies, parasitic worms, autoimmune disease

Abnormally low amounts of Eosinophil indicates

drug toxicity or stress

Identify this

Basophil

Basophil functions

Creates histamine which intensifies inflammatory response

Abnormally high amounts of Basophil indicates

Allergies, parasitic infections, hypothyroidism

Identify this

Lymphocyte

Lymphocyte functions

Essential for immune response

Types of lymphocytes

Natural Killer cells, B cells, T cells

Natural killer cell functions

recognizes unknown cells and kills them

B cell functions and location of maturation

Make antibodies. Mature in the bone marrow

T cell functions and location of maturation

Defend against specific pathogens, virus, cancer. Mature in the Thymus

Identify this

Monocyte

Monocyte functions

mature into macrophages

Macrophage functions

* Phagocytize debris, pathogens, and worn out and damaged cells
* Release antimicrobial chemicals that attract other WBCs to site of infection

Identify this

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Erythrocytes mature in and from

Mature in red bone marrow, Mature from reticulocytes (immature RBC)

Erythrocyte function

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues

Erythrocytes lack nuclei resulting in

More interior space for hemoglobin molecules that transports oxygen

Erythrocytes lack mitochondria resulting in

Don't utilize the oxygen they transport, so they can deliver it all to tissues

Nucleus are biconcave because

Greater surface area for gas exchange, and can squeeze through capillaries

Identify this, state its function

Lens, allows precise focusing of light on retina

Identify this and state function

Sclera, frotects eye, anchors extrinsic muscles

Identify this and states it function

Choroid/Vascular layer, nourishes eye

Identify this and state its function

Retinal and neural layer, absorbs light and prevents its scattering

Pigmented outer layer functions

absorbs light and prevents its scattering

Neural inner layer function

contains photoreceptors

Identify this and state its function

Pupil, regulates amount of light entering the eye by contracting

identify D and state its function

Bipolar cells, provide the main pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

Identify E and F

Photoreceptors (rods and cones)

Rod functions

Respond to dim lights, see black and White

Cones functions

respond to bright light, sees color vision (red, green, blue)

Identify this and state its function

Retina, ganglion cells and the optic disc

Pathway of light

Photoreceptors → bipolar cells → ganglion cells (action potential generated) → the optic nerve

Ganglion cell axon location

Run along the inner surface of the retina, leave the eye as the optic nerve

Site where the optic nerve leaves the eye and lacks photoreceptors (blind spot)

Optic disc

Identify this

Optic nerve

Identify A B D E state the functions

Lateral, medial, superior, inferior rectus muscle. When eye contracts it moves toward contracting muscle

Identify C and F

Superior oblique: rotates down and laterally, \n Inferior oblique: rotates up and laterally

Just look at these

Endocrine organs

Identify this

Pituitary Gland (divided into anterior and posterior lobe)

Pituitary gland function

Endocrine tissue that releases stimulating hormones (-tropin)

Anterior pituitary gland connects and communicate to the hypothalamus through

Blood and hormones

Posterior pituitary gland connects and communicate to the hypothalamus through

nerves and nerve signals

True or False: posterior pituitary creates hormones

False: stores and releases hormones from Anterior

Hypothalamus releases:Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Pituitary releases :Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) target organ

Thyroid

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) effect

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4), Calcitonin

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) function

* Metabolism, development, and Catecholamine (neurotransmitter) release

Calcitonin function

decreases the amount of calcium in the bloodstream

Pituitary releases:AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH)

Hypothalamus releases:Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) target organ

Adrenal gland

Cortex is \____ and medulla is \___

outside, inside

Cortex releases

aldosterone, cortisol, androgen

Cortisol function

* Increases blood glucose, Suppresses immune system, Suppresses immune system, Stimulates fight or flight response

Aldosterone function

Increases reabsorption of salt (from kidneys), maintains hydration

Aldosterone chain reaction

More sodium \= more water \= higher blood volume \= higher blood pressure

Androgens are ?

male sex hormones

medulla releases

Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) and adrenaline (Epinephrine)

epinephrine and norepinephrine

fight-or-flight responses, wakefulness, alertness

Pancreas releases

Insulin and glucagon

Insulin

lowers blood glucose when high