Apush chapter 1-2 henretta book MY VERSION

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Native Americans?
A. They benefitted from livestock and metal tools.
B. They were largely unaffected.
C. They faced catastrophic population decline due to disease.
D. They gained new opportunities in European trade networks.

C

Why did English settlers in Virginia turn to African slavery in the late 1600s?
A. They wanted to imitate the Spanish encomienda system.
B. Indentured servants became less available after Bacon’s Rebellion.
C. Africans had better agricultural knowledge than Europeans.
D. Puritan leaders encouraged racial hierarchy.

B

Which European power was most focused on converting Native Americans to Christianity through missions?
A. France
B. England
C. Spain
D. The Netherlands

C

Prompt: Explain ONE way Native American societies were affected by European colonization, ONE way European colonization was shaped by religion, and ONE way labor systems in the colonies changed over time.

• Native Americans suffered massive population loss due to smallpox and other diseases from the Columbian Exchange.

• Religion shaped colonization as Puritans migrated to New England seeking to build a “City upon a Hill.”

• Labor shifted from indentured servitude to African slavery in the Chesapeake, especially after Bacon’s Rebellion made reliance on servants risky.

What crop allowed Native Americans in Mexico and the Southwest to develop complex societies?

Maize

What major Native city near present-day St. Louis had 10,000–20,000 people and was a mound-building center?

Cahokia

How were Eastern Woodlands tribes like the Iroquois politically organized?

Iroquois confederacy

What was a key difference between Native and European views of land?

Natives saw land as communal/spiritual, Europeans saw it as private property.

What were the “3 G’s” of European exploration?

Gold, God and Glory

What 1494 agreement divided the New World between Spain and Portugal?

Treaty of Tordesillas

Which Portuguese prince encouraged exploration and navigation?

Prince Henry the Navigator

What system gave Spanish colonists control over Native labor in exchange for “protection” and conversion?

Encominea system

What was the Requerimiento?

A Spanish declaration demanding Natives accept rule and Christianity or face war.

Who conquered the Aztecs? The Incas?

Cortés (Aztecs), Pizarro (Incas).

What social system ranked people by race in Spanish America?

Casta System

What Old World items devastated Native populations?

Diseases

What New World crops caused a population boom in Europe?

Maize and Potato’s

What animal transformed Native life on the Great Plains?

Horse

What year was Jamestown founded?

1607

What cash crop saved Virginia’s economy?

tobacco

What was the first representative assembly in the New World (1619)?

House of Burgeese

What 1620 agreement established self-government for the Pilgrims?

Mayflower Compact

Who gave the “City upon a Hill” sermon? What did it mean?

John Winthrop—Puritan colony as a religious example.

What 1676 rebellion by frontier settlers led to a shift toward African slavery?

Bacons rebellion

What war in 1675 devastated New England and ended Native resistance?

King Philip’s War (Metacom’s War).

Why were Native alliances with Europeans often unstable?

Differing goals—Natives wanted trade/allies, Europeans wanted land

What was the primary reason for the shift from indentured servitude to African slavery in the Chesapeake?
A. Africans were cheaper to import.
B. Bacon’s Rebellion made landowners distrustful of indentured servants.
C. Africans had superior agricultural knowledge.
D. Puritans demanded slavery.

B

Which of the following was a key difference between French and Spanish colonization?
A. Spain focused on fur trade, while France focused on mining.
B. Spain used missions to convert Natives, while France formed alliances through trade.
C. France had large-scale settlement, while Spain had very few colonists.
D. France relied heavily on enslaved African labor, while Spain did not.

B

The Columbian Exchange most directly led to which of the following outcomes in Europe?
A. The decline of feudalism and growth of capitalism.
B. A collapse in population due to disease.
C. The expansion of Muslim influence in the Mediterranean.
D. The decline of Christianity

A

Prompt 1 (Comparison):
Identify and explain ONE way Spanish colonization differed from English colonization in North America. Identify and explain ONE similarity.

• Difference: Spain relied on the encomienda system and intermarriage with Natives, while the English displaced Natives and brought families to establish permanent settlements.

• Similarity: Both sought economic gain, relying on agriculture and Native labor/resources to support their colonies.

Prompt 2 (Causation):
Explain ONE cause of the Columbian Exchange. Explain ONE effect of the Columbian Exchange on the New World.

• Cause: European desire for Asian goods after the fall of Constantinople pushed them to explore new trade routes, leading to contact with the Americas.

• Effect: Native populations declined drastically due to smallpox and other diseases, reshaping the demographic and cultural balance of the New World.

Identify and explain ONE continuity in labor systems from 1500–1700. Identify and explain ONE change.

• Continuity: Europeans continued to exploit Native and African labor to produce wealth in the colonies.

• Change: The Chesapeake shifted from indentured servitude to African slavery after Bacon’s Rebellion, as planters sought a more controllable labor force.

Anne Hutchinson most directly challenged which aspect of Puritan society?
A. The authority of the Bible
B. The patriarchal order and male religious leadership
C. The economic basis of the colony
D. The requirement of church attendance

B

Roger Williams differed from Puritan leaders in Massachusetts Bay by arguing that:
A. Religious conformity should be strictly enforced
B. The king had no right to grant land belonging to Natives
C. Women should be allowed to preach
D. Tobacco should be banned as sinful

B

The Headright System primarily benefited:
A. Small farmers
B. Wealthy planters who could afford to pay passage for servants
C. Native Americans who traded land for goods
D. Indentured servants themselves

B

How did Portuguese expansion in Africa lay the foundation for the Atlantic slave trade?

They built trading posts, experimented with plantation agriculture on Atlantic islands, and developed sugar-based economies dependent on enslaved Africans.

Compare Spanish, French, and Dutch colonization in the Americas.

Spain relied on conquest, encomiendas, and silver mines; France focused on fur trade and Catholic missions; the Dutch centered on commerce and fur trading, but had low population growth.

What role did religion play in English colonization compared to Spanish colonization?

Spain sought to spread Catholicism (missions, conversion, Inquisition), while English colonists like Puritans sought religious freedom or to build model Protestant communities.

Why was Metacom’s War significant?

It destroyed Native American power in New England and showed the violent conflict that accompanied English expansion.

How did Bacon’s Rebellion change colonial Virginia?

It exposed tensions between poor settlers and elites, leading to a shift from indentured servitude toward African chattel slavery as planters sought a more controllable labor force.

In what ways was New England’s society different from the Chesapeake colonies?

New England emphasized religious community, family migration, and small farming; the Chesapeake emphasized tobacco monoculture, headrights, and plantation economies with class tensions.

How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe and the Americas differently?

Europe benefited from new staple crops (e.g., potatoes, maize) and population growth; the Americas suffered catastrophic population decline due to disease.

Why did Anne Hutchinson pose a threat to Puritan leaders?

She challenged both gender norms and religious authority by holding prayer meetings and claiming direct revelation from God.

What was the significance of Potosí?

A massive silver mine in the Andes that provided half of the world’s silver, fueling Spanish wealth and global trade.

Why did the Dutch struggle to maintain New Netherland?

Their small population and harsh treatment of Indigenous peoples made the colony unstable; it was eventually taken by England and renamed New York

How did Puritan beliefs about witchcraft reflect their worldview?

They believed unusual events revealed Satan’s presence; the Salem Witch Trials reflected both religious fears and social tensions.

What was the difference between Pilgrims and Puritans?

Pilgrims were separatists who left the Church of England entirely; Puritans sought to reform it while building a model society in New England.

wow if you acc went thru all these and tried youre a nerd (JK, lmk if this helped)

67