APUSH 7.6-7.11

Black Nationalism

prompted a renewed sense of racial pride, cultural self expression, economic independence, and progressive politics.

"New Woman"/Flapper

1920s term for the modern, sexually liberated woman. The new woman, popularized in movies and magazines, defied traditional morality.

Lost Generation

Term coined by the writer Gertrude Stein to describe the writers and artists disillusioned with the consumer culture of the 1920s.

The New Negro

1920s term for the second generation of African Americans born after emancipation and who stood up for their rights.

Harlem Renaissance

The work of Harlem-based African American writers, artists, and musicians that flourished following World War I through the 1920s.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Organization founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914 to promote black self-help, pan-Africanism, and racial separatism.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Volstead Act

law enacted by Congress to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment

Fundamentalism

Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied

Scopes Trial

1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

1920 case in which Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted of robbery and murder. The trial centered on the defendants' foreign birth and political views, rather than the facts pertaining to their guilt or innocence.

National Origins Act

1924 act establishing immigration quotas by national origin. It was intended to severely limit immigration from southern and eastern Europe as well as halt all immigration from East Asia.

Indian Citizenship Act

1924 act extending citizenship and the right to vote to all American Indians.

Klu Klux Klan (1920s)

new and reformed KKK which targeted Catholics and Jews, and immigrants, as well as anyone who was alleged to have violated community moral values or supported the teaching of evolutionary theory.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Langston Hughes

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

John Scopes

Tennessee highschool teacher who violated a state law by teaching evolution

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929 crash of the U.S. stock market. This event has historically marked the beginning of the Great Depression, though it was not the depression's root cause.

Great Depression

Worldwide economic collapse caused by overproduction and financial speculation. It affected the United States from October of 1929 until the start of World War II in 1939.

Agricultural Marketing Act

1929 act aimed at raising prices for goods created by farmers to alleviate their financial suffering.

Hawley-Smoot Act

1930 act designed to increase tariffs on agricultural and industrial imports in order to aid struggling farmers. However, the act caused retaliatory tariffs by other countries, which broadly hurt American business.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Government corporation endorsed by Herbert Hoover and created by Congress. It provided federal support through loans to troubled banks, railroads, and insurance companies under the belief that the economic benefits would trickle down from the top of the economic structure to the bottom.

Dust Bowl

Name for the southern plains of the United States during the Great Depression when the region experienced massive dust storms due to soil erosion caused by poor farming practices and drought.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

1934 act granting independence to the Philippines and restricting Filipino immigration into the United States.

Scottsboro Nine

Nine African American youths convicted of raping two white women in Scottsboro, Alabama, in 1931. The Communist Party played a key role in defending the Scottsboro Nine and in bringing national and international attention to their case.

Bonus Army

World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C. in 1932 to demand immediate payment of their service bonuses. President Hoover refused to negotiate and instructed the U.S. Army to clear the capital of protestors, leading to a violent clash.

New Deal

The policies and programs that Franklin Roosevelt initiated to combat the Great Depression. The New Deal represented a dramatic expansion of the role of government in American society.

Emergency Banking Act

1933 New Deal executive order that shut down banks for several days to calm widespread panic during the Great Depression.

Glass-Steagall Act

1933 New Deal legislation that allowed solvent banks to reopen and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Federal agency created under the New Deal in 1933. It insured bank deposits up to $5,000, a figure that would substantially rise over the years.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 New Deal commission designed to regulate the stock market and ensure that corporations gave investors accurate information about their investments.

21st Amendment

1933 amendment repealing prohibition and the Eighteenth Amendment.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

1933 New Deal act that raised prices for farm produce by paying farmers subsidies to reduce production. Large farmers reaped most of the benefits from the act. It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1936.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

New Deal agency that brought low-cost electricity to rural Americans and redeveloped the Tennessee River valley through flood-control projects. The agency built, owned, and supervised a number of power plants and dams.

National Industrial Recovery Act

1933 New Deal legislation establishing the National Recovery Administration to work with businesses and the public to regulate prices, wages, and production.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

New Deal agency established in 1933 to create codes to regulate production, prices, wages, hours, and collective bargaining. The NRA failed to produce the intended results and was eventually ruled unconstitutional.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

1933 New Deal administration created to oversee the rebuilding of America's infrastructure, such as roads, schools, and libraries.

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

1933 New Deal program which only lasted four months but employed more than 4 million people on 400,000 projects, such as building schools, roads, playgrounds, and airports.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal work program that hired young, unmarried men to work on conservation projects. It employed about 2.5 million men and lasted until 1942.

Share Our Wealth Society

Economic plan created by Huey Long in 1934. Long believed the New Deal did not go far enough and advocated for a nationwide standard of living through wealth sharing.

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency established in 1935 to put unemployed Americans to work on public projects ranging from construction to the arts.

Social Security Act

Landmark 1935 act that created retirement pensions for most Americans, as well as unemployment insurance.

National Labor Relations Act

1935 act (also known as the Wagner Act) that created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). The NLRB protected workers' right to organize labor unions without business owner interference.

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 law that provided a minimum wage of 40 cents an hour and a forty-hour workweek for employees in businesses engaged in interstate commerce.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 act that ended the Dawes Act, authorized self-government for those living on reservations, extended tribal landholdings, and pledged to uphold native customs and language.

Court Packing Plan

1937 proposal by Franklin Roosevelt to increase the size of the Supreme Court and reduce its opposition to New Deal legislation. Congress failed to pass the measure, and the scheme undermined Roosevelt's popular support.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Francis Perkins

Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member in U.S. history.

Harry Hopkins

Head of the Federal Emergency Relief Act program.

Harold Ickes

Secretary of the interior who headed the Public Works Administration, which aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways

Father Coughlin

A Catholic who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Huey Long

Political leader from Louisiana who criticized the New Deal. He proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program, advocating for wealth redistribution and social welfare reforms.

The black cabinet

Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

Mary McCloud Bethune

member of President Roosevelt's "Black Cabinet," advised the president on the needs of African Americans

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Arms control agreement that outlawed war as an instrument of national policy following World War I. The policy proved unenforceable.

Isolationism

Informal policy stemming from the belief that the United States should not become involved with the affairs of other nations. This mindset was especially popular following World War I.

Nye Committee

Committee chaired in 1934 by Republican senator Gerald Nye to investigate the actions of munitions manufacturers to ensure they were not pushing the country towards a second great war for financial profit. The Nye Committee blamed weapons manufacturers, arms dealers, and bankers who loaned funds to the Allied Powers for the outbreak of World War I.

Neutrality Acts

Legislation passed between 1935 and 1937 to make it more difficult for the United States to become entangled in overseas conflicts. The Neutrality Acts reflected the strength of isolationist sentiment in 1930s America.

Appeasement

The policy of England and France that allowed the Nazis to annex Czechoslovak territory in exchange for Hitler promising not to take further land — a pledge he soon violated.

American First Committee

Isolationist organization founded by Senator Gerald Nye in 1940 to keep the United States out of World War II.

Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

Legislation requiring men between the ages of 18 and 35 to register for the draft, later expanded to age 45. It was the first peacetime draft in U.S. history.

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Atlantic Charter

August 1941 agreement between Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill that outlined potential war aims and cemented the relationship between the United States and Britain.

Tripartite Pact

1940 mutual defense agreement between Japan, Germany, and Italy.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 Japanese attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii. This surprise air and naval assault killed more than 2,400 Americans, seriously damaged ships and aircraft, and abruptly ended isolationism by prompting U.S. entry into World War II.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

War Powers Act

1942 act passed after the attack on Pearl Harbor. It authorized the president to reorganize federal agencies any way he thought necessary to win the war.

War Production Board

Board established in 1942 to oversee the economy during World War II. It was part of a larger effort to convert American industry to the production of war materials.

military-industrial complex

The government-business alliance related to the military and national defense that developed out of World War II and greatly influenced future development of the U.S. economy.

Tuskegee Airmen

African American airmen who overcame prejudice during World War II. They earned fame escorting U.S. bomber aircraft in Europe and North Africa.

Women's Army Corps

The army volunteer organization for women during World War II.

Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)

The navy volunteer organization for women during World War II, ultimately disbanded in 1972.

Smith-Connally Act

prohibited walkouts in defense industries and set a thirty-day "cooling-off" period before unions could go out on strike.

Office of War Information

Government office set up during World War II to promote patriotism and urge Americans to contribute to the war effort any way they could.

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Fair Employment Practices Committee

Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

Double V

The slogan African Americans used during World War II to state their twin aims to fight for victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home.

Smith v. Allwright

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

outlawed all-white Democratic primary elections in the traditionally one-party South.

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Mexican American group consisting of largely middle-class members that challenged racial discrimination and segregation in public accommodations, engaging in economic boycotts and litigation.

Zoot Suit Riots

Series of riots in 1943 in Los Angeles, California, sparked by white hostility toward Mexican American teenagers who dressed in zoot suits — suits with long jackets with padded shoulders and baggy pants tapered at the bottom.

Internment

The relocation of persons seen as a threat to national security to isolated camps during World War II. Nearly all people of Japanese descent living on the West Coast were forced to sell or abandon their possessions and relocate to internment camps during the war.

Executive Order 9066

1942 executive order issued by President Franklin Roosevelt requiring all people of Japanese descent living on the West Coast to be relocated to internment camps.

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

A. Philip Randolph

America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

Braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

Fred Korematsu

Brought law suit stating that his imprisonment in an internment camp was a violation of his civil rights

Second Front

The desire expressed in 1942 by Joseph Stalin for an immediate invasion by U.S., British, and Canadian forces of German-occupied France to take pressure off the Soviet forces fighting the Germans on the eastern front. The attack in Western Europe did not begin until 1944, a fact Stalin resented.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 invasion of German-occupied France by Allied forces. The D Day landings opened up a second front in Europe and marked a major turning point in World War II.

Island Hopping

This strategy, employed in the Pacific by the U.S. in World War II, directed American and Allied forces to avoid heavily fortified Japanese islands and concentrate on less heavily defended islands in preparation for a combined air, land, and sea invasion of Japan.

Battle of Midway Island

First engagement between Japanese and U.S. Navy six months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in June of 1942. The battle resulted in a U.S. victory.

Battle of the Bulge

Last German offensive launched in mid-December of 1944, which resulted in a German retreat across the Rhine River back into Germany.

Yalta Agreement

Agreement negotiated at the 1945 Yalta Conference by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin about the fate of postwar Eastern Europe. The Yalta Agreement did little to ease growing tensions between the Soviet Union and its Western Allies.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the secret program to develop an atomic bomb. The project was launched in 1942 and directed by the United States with the assistance of Great Britain and Canada.

The Manhattan Project

Code name for the secret program to develop an atomic bomb. The project was launched in 1942 and directed by the United States with the assistance of Great Britain and Canada.