anatomy exam 1

active transport

requires ATP

• moves against the concentration gradient

• low —> high (up the gradient)

microscopic anatomy

can’t be indemnified with the naked eye

gross anatomy

can be identified with the naked eye

systematic

by system

comparative

comparing

embryology

development

anabolism

small to large

canabolism

large to small

responsiveness

sense and react to stimulus

homeostasis

maintain structure and function

levels of organization

cellular-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

integumentary

skin

endocrine

glands

anatomical position

palms anterior

section

actual cut the exposes internal structures

coronal

front and back cut (posterior and anterior)

transverse

cross-sectional, horizontal, top/bottom

midsagital

left/right

sagital

left/right

dorsal/ventral

back/front

posterior/anterior

back/front

proximal/distal

close/far

superior/inferior

high/low

medial/lateral

relation to the midline

axial

head, neck, trunk

appendicular

limbs

appendicular

limbs

parietal serous membrane

lines outer

* outside of the balloon

serous cavity

think air inside the balloon

visceral serous membrane

lines inner surface

* think the inner balloon wall

mediastinum

space between the lungs

pericardium

covers the heart

pleura

serous membranes lining the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs

negative feedback

* controls processes
* action in the opposite direction of the stimulus
* reverse or change the direction
* example= temp regulation

positive feedback

* stimulus reinforced
* breast feeding

covalent bond

sharing electrons

ionic bond

* bonds created by oppositely charged ions
* attraction created by anions and canions

polar covalent

unequal sharing

non polar covalent

equal sharing

non polar molecules include

* bonds between the same elements
* c--c
* o--o
* triglycerides

polar molecules include

* different elements bonded together
* water
* glucose

weak bonding of water molecules to each other

hydrogen bonding

hydrogen bonding

a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. It results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom

2 carbon atoms share 1 pair of electrons

single covalent bond

2 carbon binds share 2 pairs of electrons

double covalent bond

amphiphatic

a chemical compound that contains polar (water-soluble) and non polar (not-water soluble) components

monomer

*  atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers
* a simple molecule with 2 binding sites to form linkages with other monomer molecules to create macromolecules

amino acid

protein

nucleotide

nucleic acid

carbohydrate

sugar

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polyaccharides are

carbohydrates

primary structure

* a sequence of amino acids
* monomers are linked through covalent bonds

secondary

* hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern
* alpha helix and pleated sheet

tertiary structure

* final shape of a polypeptide
* three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
* maybe spherical and compact or extended and linear

quaternary structure

* protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
* an example is the final structure of hemoglobin
* two or more associated polypeptides

matter

* mass
* things that occupy space

atom

smallest particle of element

* subatomic particels

neutron

mass of 1 amu

no charge

protons

mass of 1 amu

postive charge (+1)

electrons

negative charge (-1)

located in orbitals

atomic number

how many protons

weight amu

protons+nuetrons

Atomic number

Number of protons

Isotope

Different atoms of the same element

* same number of protons and electrons, different number of nuetrons
* Different masses

Half life

How long does it take for the atom to give away half its energy?

* time for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell

* wants 8
* Octet rule

Left side of the p table

Metals

Ionic compunds

Ions held together by ionic bonds

Cations

Positive charge

* want to give away electrons

Anions

Negative charge

* Wants to gain electrons

Molecular compunds

Electrons are shared between

Electronegativity

Relative attraction of each atom for electrons

* increases from left to right and from bottom to top

Amphipathic

Large molecules with polar and non polar regions

* has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

Hydrogen bond

Forms between polar molecules

Hydrophobic

Fear water

* don’t mix with water

Hydrophillic

Water loving

* can be dissolved or wetted by water
* Want to interact with water

Solvent

Substance capable of dissolving other substance (solute)

Solute

Substance that can be dissolved in another substance (solvent)

Main 4 polymers in the body

Polypeptides

Lipids

Nucleotide

Carbohydrates

Nucleotide

Make DNA, RNA, and ATP

Store information

* adenine
* Guanine
* Cytosine
* Thymine

Polypeptide

make proteins

* Long chain of amino acid

Lipids

Store (energy reserve), cushion, an protect organs

* cholestorol
* Triglycerides

In specialized fat cells and cell membranes

Carbohydrates

Store energy

* broken down into simple sugars
* Sugars : glucose to be absorbed into the blood stream

2 atoms bonded together and one has completely stolen an electron, what type of bond?

Ionic bond

Alkalosis

pH is up = excess base

Acid

Increased H+

* has H+ to donate
* Low pH
* Less than 7

Low pH (less than 7)

Acid

Base

* Wants to accept H+
* High pH
* More than 7

High pH ( more than 7)

Base

Buffer

Solution that can resist change by acting like an acid/base depending on the amount of acid/base to help stabilize pH

Homeostasis

State buffers are trying to keep in the body

Buccal

Cheek

Tarsal

Ankle

Carpal

Wrist

Orbital

Eye

Cervical

Neck

Dorsal

Back of the body

Osteo

Bone

Itis

Inflammation

Pneumo

Lungs