Dialectology- ling hmwk

T/F

We use nonstandard speech, especially dropping words/sounds, when we're being sloppy about how we talk.

False

Dropping 'h's out of a word is:

A. considered bad because it's always best to pronounce all of the letters in a word.

B. considered bad only on certain words because the speakers who "h-drop" on these words are considered less prestigious.

C. considered bad because only speakers who are considered less prestigious ever "h-drop".

D. considered good because it only occurs in prominent places.

B. considered bad only on certain words because the speakers who "h-drop" on these words are considered less prestigious.

Using a glottal stop instead of a 't' or 'd' is:

A. considered bad only in prominent places like "ladder," but ignored when it occurs in nonprominent places like "that cat."

B. considered bad only in prominent places like "that apple," but ignored when it occurs in nonprominent places like "butter."

C. considered good because prestigious people do this often.

D. considered bad all the time because it is mispronouncing a letter in the word.

A. considered bad only in prominent places like "ladder," but ignored when it occurs in nonprominent places like "that cat."

T/F

Double negatives such as "I don't want none." are illogical.

False

T/F

It is impossible to tell which varieties will be considered prestigious without knowing the socio-political/cultural situation of the speakers.

True

T/F

Labov (1972) found that the upper class produced significantly more 'r's when speaking carefully than when speaking casually.

False

What is hypercorrection?

A. When the upper class uses an overtly prestigious feature more than the lower class.

B. When the lower class uses an overtly prestigious feature more than the upper class in careful speech.

C. When the lower class uses a covertly prestigious feature more than the upper class in careful speech.

D. When the lower class uses an covertly prestigious feature more than the upper class in casual speech.

B. When the lower class uses an overtly prestigious feature more than the upper class in careful speech.

How can we tell if a feature is covertly prestigious?

A. Speakers overreport how often they use it in casual conversation.

B. Speakers overreport how often they use it in careful/formal conversations.

C. Speakers are really accurate reporting how often they use it.

D. Speakers underreport how often they use it in casual conversations.

A. Speakers overreport how often they use it in casual conversation.

Cheshire (1972) found that:

A. the boys who considered themselves really tough were the least likely to say "They goes" often.

B. hypercorrection was common among school children.

C. children under 18 years old don't show class differences in their speech.

D. the boys who considered themselves really tough were the most likely to say "They goes" often.

D. the boys who considered themselves really tough were the most likely to say "They goes" often.

Which study showed the clearest example of hypercorrection?

A. Labov (1972)

B. Cheshire (1972)

C. Labov (1966)

D. Shuy (1968)

C. Labov (1966)

T/F

Covertly prestigious features communicate solidarity.

True

T/F

You are more likely to want to communicate power in a business environment than solidarity.

True

In Shuy (1968), what demographic made someone the most likely to use nonstandard features such as dropping a final nasal sound (nasal: n, m, ng)?

A. teenager, upper middle class, black, male

B. teenager, lower middle class, white, male

C. adult, lower working class, black, female

D. teenager, lower working class, black, male

D. teenager, lower working class, black, male

T/F

The Observer's Paradox is that the observer wants to be really unbiased in their observations, but it's very difficult to give an unbiased report.

False

T/F There is no positive reason to use multiple negation in a sentence. We only do it in environments where we don't expect anyone to notice/care.

F