Prelims - Week 1.2

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Four [4] Classes of Macromolecules essential for the structure and function of the cell.

Monomers

What do you call a molecule of any class of compounds, mostly organic, and can react with other molecules to form large molecules?

Polymers

What do you call a group of monomers?

Macromolecules:

Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Biopolymers:

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

What are the Four [4] Macromolecules? And which of those are considered to be Biopolymers?

Condensation Reaction

It is a process where two molecules are combined to form a larger molecule, typically losing a small molecule like water.

Hydrolysis

It is a process of breaking down molecules by adding a water molecule.

Carbohydrates

Biomolecule that serves as important source of energy, primarily stored in Glycogen.

Glycogen

Carbohydrates are primarily stored in what?

Monosaccharides

Simplest Carbohydrates

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Name 3 Common Monosaccharides

Disaccharide

Two Sugar Molecule Link

Glucose + Glucose

Maltose is composed of what?

Maltose

Glucose + Glucose

Fructose + Glucose

Sucrose is composed of what?

Sucrose

Fructose + Glucose

Galactose + Glucose

Lactose is composed of what?

Lactose

Galactose + Glucose

Oligosaccharide

Consists of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units

Polysaccharides

Long polymer of monosaccharides, usually more than 10 units.

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Name 3 Common Polysaccharides

Amino Acids

Monomer of Proteins

Peptide Bonds

What links Amino Acids together?

Amino Group

Carboxyl Group

Hydrogen Group

R Group

Four [4] Parts of Protein Structure

Primary Structure

What level of protein organization shows its Linear Amino Acid Sequence?

Secondary Structure

What level of protein organization shows its Local Folding like Alpha-Helix and Beta-Pleated Sheet?

Tertiary Structure

What level of protein organization shows 3-Dimensional Organization?

Quaternary Structure

What level of protein organization shows its Multi-Subunit Structure?

Protein Denaturation

The Process in which the Proteins Lose their Quaternary, Tertiary, and the Secondary Structure, but the Primary stays as it is.

Lipids

Hydrophobic Biomolecule, also known as Fats, which may function as Insulation.

• Saturated

  • Single Bonds Only

  • Linear

• Unsaturated

  • Have Presence of Double Bonds

  • Bended Structure

Difference between Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids

Nucleic Acid

Biomolecule that Stores and Transmit Hereditary Information

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Meaning of DNA

Ribonucleic acid

Meaning of RNA

DNA

What nucleic acid stores information for specific protein synthesis, and passes down genetic information during reproduction?

RNA

What nucleic acid links genetic information to protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell, assisting protein synthesis?

Nucleotide

Monomer of Nucleic Acid

Nitrogenous Base

Phosphate Group

Sugar

Three Parts of Nucleotide

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)

Three Nitrogenous Base found in both DNA and RNA

DNA contains Thymine (T)

DNA Nitrogenous Base that is different from RNA

RNA contains Uracil (U)

RNA Nitrogenous Base that is different from DNA

ATP: Adenosine triphosphate

Product of Cellular Respiration

Food Breakdown for Animals

Photosynthesis for Plants

ATP is obtained from?

True

True or False:
Through Hydrolysis, energy will be released, and ATP is converted into ADP?

Coenzymes

It is a small organic molecule, essential for activity, but not permanently altered by the reaction. It is derived metabolically from Vitamins.

Catalysis of Reaction

Function of Coenzyme

Apoenzyme

Protein Portion of an Enzyme

Apoenzyme

Inactive Protein Part of Enzyme

Cofactor / Coenzyme

Non Protein Portion of Enzyme

Cofactor / Coenzyme

It is an activator that binds to an enzyme

Holoenzyme

It is the complete, fully active enzyme with its cofactor.

Substrate

It is a molecule acted upon by an enzyme