HES 311 W1.1 Intro

The study of the physiological changes in the body as a result of disease or injury

Pathophysiology

The lab study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease

Pathology

The events involved in the development of a disease

Pathogenesis

Targets social and economic policies effecting health

Primordial Prevention

Targets risk factors leading to injury/disease

Primary Prevention

Prevents injury/disease once exposure to risk factors occurs but still in early, preclinical stage

Secondary Prevention

Rehabilitating persons with injury/disease to reduce complications

Tertiary Prevention

The study of the cause of a disease

Etiology

Genetics, congenital defects, microorganisms, immune dysfunction, metabolic dysfunction, degenerative changes

Etiologic factors

The cause of the disease is unknown

Idiopathic

a treatment, procedure or error caused the disease

Iatrogenic

Risk factors or behaviours that promote development of a disease

Predisposing factors

Measures taken to prevent onset or progressions of a disease

Prophlaxis

disease develops gradually over an extended period

Insidious onset

disease begins suddenly

Acute onset

No symptoms, still susceptible to risk factors or disease progression

Subclinical stage

The time between exposure and onset of symptoms

Incubation period

aware of symptoms without being specific to a certain illness

Prodromal period

objective indicator of disease

sign

subjective feeling

symptom

Something that triggers an acute episode of clinical manifestations.

Precipitating factor

A disease that cannot be spread from person to person

Non-communicable disease

A disease that can be spread from person to person

communicable disease

Sudden rise of an infectious disease that is localized to a certain region

Epidemic

Higher numbers of a disease around the world

Pandemic

A disease that is regularly found in a certain area

Endemic

Any type of decrease in cell size

Atrophy

Increase in cell size

Hypertrophy

Increased number of cells

Hyperplasia

One mature cell type replaced by a different mature cell type

Metaplasia

Cells vary in size, shape.

Dysplasia

uncontrolled or abnormal cell growth

Neoplasia

Lack of blood supply

Ischemia

Low oxygen supply

Hypoxia

Free radical formation
Hypoxia/Ischemia and ATP depletion
Disruption of Ca homeostasis

3 main mechanisms by which most injurious agent exert their effects

oxidization of cell structures and nuclear/mitochondrial DNA

Free radical formation

Inappropriate activation of enzymes that damage cell organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell membranes

Disruption of Ca homeostasis

programmed cell death

Apoptosis

1. Elimination of unwanted cells
2. Cell shrinks
3. Nuclear fragmentation
4. Apoptotic bodies
5. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies

5 stages of apoptosis

Injury or disease that leads to cell death

Necrosis

1. Always pathological
2. Cell enlargement
3. Loss of membrane integrity
4. Leakage of content
5. Inflammation
6. Nuclear degeneration

6 stages of necrosis