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The study of the physiological changes in the body as a result of disease or injury
Pathophysiology
The lab study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease
Pathology
The events involved in the development of a disease
Pathogenesis
Targets social and economic policies effecting health
Primordial Prevention
Targets risk factors leading to injury/disease
Primary Prevention
Prevents injury/disease once exposure to risk factors occurs but still in early, preclinical stage
Secondary Prevention
Rehabilitating persons with injury/disease to reduce complications
Tertiary Prevention
The study of the cause of a disease
Etiology
Genetics, congenital defects, microorganisms, immune dysfunction, metabolic dysfunction, degenerative changes
Etiologic factors
The cause of the disease is unknown
Idiopathic
a treatment, procedure or error caused the disease
Iatrogenic
Risk factors or behaviours that promote development of a disease
Predisposing factors
Measures taken to prevent onset or progressions of a disease
Prophlaxis
disease develops gradually over an extended period
Insidious onset
disease begins suddenly
Acute onset
No symptoms, still susceptible to risk factors or disease progression
Subclinical stage
The time between exposure and onset of symptoms
Incubation period
aware of symptoms without being specific to a certain illness
Prodromal period
objective indicator of disease
sign
subjective feeling
symptom
Something that triggers an acute episode of clinical manifestations.
Precipitating factor
A disease that cannot be spread from person to person
Non-communicable disease
A disease that can be spread from person to person
communicable disease
Sudden rise of an infectious disease that is localized to a certain region
Epidemic
Higher numbers of a disease around the world
Pandemic
A disease that is regularly found in a certain area
Endemic
Any type of decrease in cell size
Atrophy
Increase in cell size
Hypertrophy
Increased number of cells
Hyperplasia
One mature cell type replaced by a different mature cell type
Metaplasia
Cells vary in size, shape.
Dysplasia
uncontrolled or abnormal cell growth
Neoplasia
Lack of blood supply
Ischemia
Low oxygen supply
Hypoxia
Free radical formation Hypoxia/Ischemia and ATP depletion Disruption of Ca homeostasis
3 main mechanisms by which most injurious agent exert their effects
oxidization of cell structures and nuclear/mitochondrial DNA
Free radical formation
Inappropriate activation of enzymes that damage cell organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell membranes
Disruption of Ca homeostasis
programmed cell death
Apoptosis
Elimination of unwanted cells
Cell shrinks
Nuclear fragmentation
Apoptotic bodies
Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
5 stages of apoptosis
Injury or disease that leads to cell death
Necrosis
Always pathological
Cell enlargement
Loss of membrane integrity
Leakage of content
Inflammation
Nuclear degeneration
6 stages of necrosis
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