AP AAS Unit 4 Review

Negritude Movement

20th century political, cultural, and literary movement that protested colonialism and the assimilation of Black people into European culture.

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into alignment with another; can be done through force.

Negrismo Movement

Emerged in Spanish-speaking Caribbean, embraced by mixed-race Latin Americans, celebrated African contributions to music, art and literature.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance & brought together the new cultural movements through his translations.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

G.I. Bill of 1944

Provided $ for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterans as well as loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Supposed to be race-neutral.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within specific "high risk" areas.

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

National Urban League

Tried to improve job opportunities and housing for African Americans, especially those moving to northern cities.

CORE

1942. Collaborated to organize sit-ins, voter-registration drives, and the Freedom Rides of 1961.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

SNCC

Group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Ella Baker

Executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee) Known as the Mother of the civil rights movement.

John Lewis

US Congressman who participated in the Freedom Rides, part of the "big Six" as a leader of SNCC. Gave a speech at the March on Washington.

Dorothy Height

President of the National Council of Negro Women

Bayard Rustin

American Civil Rights activist. Chief organizer of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Close advisor to Dr. King. Faced additional discrimination for being openly gay.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public accommodations, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights & speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Josephine Baker

A twentieth-century African-American actress, dancer, singer, and civil rights activist. She criticized the double standards of American democracy and chose to relocate to Paris.

Fables of Faubus

Charles Mingus wrote this protest song addressing the crisis in Little Rock.

We Shall Overcome

This was the unofficial anthem of the Civil Rights Movement

"The year of Africa" refers to

1960 when 17 African nations won their independence from European colonialism.

Black Power Movement

African American movement 1960s that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often portrayed as radical or violent.

Ten Point Program

Called for black empowerment, an end to racial oppression, and control of major institutions and services in the African American community

Black is Beautiful Movement

1960s movement which promoted a shift towards Afrocentric pride and away from Eurocentric conformity. This movement sought to embrace African culture and heritage by appealing to the "soul" market

Kwanzaa

A secular festival observed by many African Americans from December 26 to January 1 as a celebration of their cultural heritage and traditional values.

Black Arts Movement

Occurring simultaneously with the civil rights movement, this 20th century American movement used art to promote political change. Centered in Harlem in the 1960s, this movement emphasized speech and performance, call and response, and the African American vernacular.

Kathleen Cleaver

Coined the term "Black is Beautiful", New York office of the SNCC. Member of Black Panther Party (Press secretary and Party spokesperson), Wrote Women, Power, and Revolution where she held the view that the focus should be on societies' disenfranchisement of black people and black women and not sexist issues within the party.

wealth gap

the unequal distribution of assets across a particular population

Shirley Chisholm

1st African American woman elected to Congress (NY) and later made a bid for the Democratic nomination in the 1972 presidential campaign

Soul Train

Represented Black culture in a positive way. Dance, Fashion, and Music were key. Nationally broadcast. Dictated what was "cool."

Duke Ellington

"It Don't Mean a Thing" composer. Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Among the most influential figures in jazz.

Daniel Hale Williams

a medical doctor and surgeon, he performed the first successful open heart surgery in 1893 and founded the first Black-owned hospital in the US.

Mary Jackson

First African American woman engineer at NASA

Afrofuturism

a cultural, aesthetic, and political movement that uses the tools of science fiction to blend past experiences with visions of the future involving people of color.

Mae Jemison

This person was a medical doctor who spent two years working with poor people in Africa as the chief medical officer for the Peace Corps before she went on to become the first African American woman in space.