Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle

2

glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ____ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose

ATP and NADPH

what are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin Cycle

this reaction is coupled to the oxidation of a fully reduced organic molecules

How is high energy NADH synthesized from lower energy NAD+

pyruvate

what is the output of glycolysis during the steps of carbohydrate catabolism?

Acetyl-CoA

what is the output of pyruvate oxidation during the steps of carbohydrate catabolism

ATP, NADH, and FADH₂

what is the output of citric acid cycle during the steps of carbohydrate catabolism

ATP

what is the output electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation during the stages of carbohydrate catabolism

glycolysis

process in which glucose is broken down to produce ENERGY

glycolysis

primary step of cellular respiration

cytosol

where does glycolysis take place?

aerobic and aerobic reactions

glycolysis occurs in both _______ and _______

2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH

what are the final products of glycolysis

energy investment phase

energy payoff phase

what are the two phases of glycolysis?

4 ATPs are synthesized via substrate level phosphorylation per glucose molecule

how many total molecules of ATP are synthesized per glucose molecule

2 ATP; net = total formed/used

how many net molecules of ATP are synthesized in glycolysis per molecule of glucose

CO₂

when pyruvate converts into Acetyl CoA, what molecule is released

outer membrane

numerous pores-permeable to most numerous small molecules

inner membrane

less permeable, extensively folded

mitochondrial matrix

space enclosed by inner membrane- enzymes involved in metabolism

step one process of glycolysis→ phosphorylation of glucose

Use enzyme called hexokinases

ATP as a phosphate donor

Forms G6P and traps glucose in the cell, and carry further glycolytic pathway

Endergonic reaction (requires energy from ATP hydrolysis)

step two process of glycolysis→ isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate

G6P is isomerized to F6P by enzyme phospho-glucoisomerase

symmetrical

step three process of glycolysis→ phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate

F6P is phosphated by enzyme PFK-1 using ATP, forms Fructose-1-6-bisphosphate (F1, 6BP)

regulatory point in glycolysis

step four of glycolysis→ cleavage of fructose 1-6-bisphosphate (F1, 6BP)

F1, 6BP cleaved by enzyme aldolase into 2 molecules

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Endergonic reaction

step five glycolysis: oxidation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated by enzyme G3P dehydrogenase

Forms 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG)

Generates NADH, transfer of higher-energy phosphate group to G3P

step six of glycolysis: redox reaction

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized, and energy is trapped via reduction of NAD+ and NADH

reaction that occurs repeatedly in metabolic pathways

step seven glycolysis: ATP generation (substrate-level phosphorylation)

Energy released transfers a phosphate from 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, forming ATP

Reaction that occurs repeatedly in metabolic pathways

step eight glycolysis: reduction of pyruvate to lactate (anaerobic condition)

pyruvate is reduced to lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase

generates NAD+

energy stored in lactate

step nine glycolysis: transport of lactate out of the cell

lactate is transported out of the cell

step 10 glycolysis: transport of pyruvate into mitochondria (aerobic condition)

Pyruvate from step 7 (under aerobic condition) is transported to mitochondria-by-mitochondria pyruvate carrier (MPC)

Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to get more ATP!!

pyruvate oxidation

occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotes

pyruvate oxidation

links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

pyruvate oxidation

products: CO₂ and acetate

Acetate is then bound to coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA

NAD+ is reduced to NADH

citric acid cycle

eight reactions to form NADH, FADH₂ and GTP

citric acid cycle

operates twice for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis

starts with acetyl- CoA

citric acid cycle

oxaloacetate is regenerated in the last step of this process

citrate

when acetyl- Co-A combines oxaloacetate, it generates what?

4 ATPs are synthesized via substrate level phosphorylation per glucose molecule

how many total molecules of ATP and synthesized per glucose molecule?

First oxidative decarboxylation generates one NADH and one CO₂

Second oxidative decarboxylation generates one more NADH and a second CO₂

Both carbons from acetyl Co-A completely oxidized to CO₂

Second half of citric acid cycle- regenerate starting 4C compound Oxaloacetate

ATP (GTP) is generated by substrate level phosphorylation

Two more oxidation-reduction reactions generate an FADH₂ and the third molecule of NADH

citric acid process information

Acetyl Co-A

• 1 ATP (GTP)

• 3 NADH

• 1 FADH₂ 

Glucose

• 2 ATP- cellular work

• 6 NADH- oxidative phosphorylation

• 2 FADH₂ are generated in the citric acid cycle (2 turns of the citric acid cycle)- oxidative phosphorylation

(citric acid cycle)

per Acetyl Co-A, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH₂

per glucose molecule, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH₂

phospho-anhydride bonds

cells transfer energy from NADH and FADH₂ to what bonds of ATP

Electron transport and chemiosmosis

Two steps of oxidative phosphorylation are.

NADH Oxidation is used to actively transport protons (H+) across
the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Results in proton gradient.

what occurs in the electron transport step of oxidative phosphorylation

Diffusion of protons back across the membrane then drives the
synthesis of ATP.

what occurs in the chemiosmosis step of oxidative phosphorylation