AMH2020 Cumulative

13th Amendment

End of slavery

Freedmen’s Bureau

1. 1865

2. Created by the nation congress under Lincoln’s administration

3. First federal program to assist people directly instead of states

Black Codes

1865-1866, blacks could not vote, serve on juries, attend public schools, testify against whites. In some states they could not own property nor firearms

14th amendment

1866: all persons born in the U.S. (except Indians) were granted citizenship and prohibited any attempt at depriving them of civil rights

15th amendment

1868, voting rights to black men

Sharecroppers

Under the reconstruction, many blacks were forced to become sharecroppers for their former masters. They kept half their production and landowners provided the land, shelter, tools, seed, fertilizers, mules, supplies, food, etc..

Carpetbaggers

northern republican whites in the south

Scalawags

southern republican whites

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

founded with the goal of terrorizing blacks, and white supports of Reconstruction

Enforcement Acts

1870-71, national congress gave the federal government more power to curb white supremacy violence in the south, but it ended in failure

Compromise of 1877

Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) needed Democratic support to win presidential election; compromise between parties to end Reconstruction once he took office

Standard Oil Company

John D. Rockefeller

Horizontal integration

dominant corporation buys or forces out most of its competitors

Vertical integration

instead of depending upon products or services of other smaller companies (middlemen), corporations eventually owned everything it needed

Monopoly

a corporation holds almost or all control over a product or service

Trust

to prevent accusations of removing competitors and establishing monopoly, corporations would acquire stocks in other companies (effectively owning them)

Holding

Comes after trust, when a corporation that produces nothing by itself— would acquire the majority of other companies stocks

Tariffs

taxes on imported goods— protected national business from competition, but others were harmed (farmers had to purchase manufactured goods at artificially high prices)

Laissez-faire

freedom of enterprise. there was little to no government regulations over private business, nor high taxation

Textile industry

produced threads, cotton bedding, and clothes between 1880 and 1900; most workers were women and children

Redeemers

wealthy white southerners that called for further industrialization and democracy in which blacks accepted white supremacy

Small farm owners

most rural properties were small in the South; often traded a share of the production (crops) with local merchants in exchange for supplies

Share tenants

mostly whites, kept 60% of their production and rented the land, owned tools and a mule, and some had access to credit from a local store

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation

Mississippi Plan

a series of state constitutional amendments in 1890 removed black people’s voting rights; followed by nine other states soon after. (Ex: residence requirement, literacy test, grandfather clause)

Lynching

Became common trend 1890s-1920s

“Separate but equal”

1. In 1883, U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional and declared that private individuals and business could segregate

2. Plessy vs Fergusson (1896): Supreme Court ruled that states could create laws segregating in schools, hotels, restaurants etc.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1909

Atlanta Compromise

1895, Speech in which Washington argued that black people should not focus on fighting racial segregation, but on improving their lives with education and work, eventually leading to the end of racism and segregation

Exodusters

Tens of thousands of blacks escaped the South after Reconstruction; by the 1880s few moved westwards because white southerners prohibited or used violence

Boomtowns

towns founded because (FIX THIS) mining: individual prospectors gave away to large mining companies; the former became low wage laborers for the latter; mining required large-scale operations, massive machinery and substantial capital investment; several towns were founded.

Open range

grazing cattle over great distances

Sand Creek Massacre

1866- 165 Cheyenne men, women, and children killed by army troops in an unprovoked attack in Colorado

Ghost Dance Movement

a ceremonial dance that became fashionable among the Sioux; seen as a threat by U.S. authorities; resulted in the Wounded Knee massacre (1890) in South Dakota, in which 200 Indian men, women, and children were killed by U.S army troops

Dawes Severalty Act

1887, partitioned tribal lands among Indigenous individuals; part of a larger federal policy to “civilize” Indians, which included formal education, attempting to turn them into self-reliant farmers

Unskilled workers

Workers from lower class working at railroads, factories, mills, mines, slaughterhouses, and sweatshops. They worked for around 10 hours in average for six days; no rights or compensations, workplace accidents were very high

Child Labor

By 1880, one of every six children under the age of 14 worked full time; by 1900, there were 2 million child workers

Knights of Labor

(1869-1949) both skilled and unskilled workers. 700,000 members in the 1880s called for 8 hour workday.

American Federation of Labor

(1886-1955) skilled workers only; federation of separate national unions; demanded higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions: 500,000 members by 1900

Great Railroad Strike

1877: 1873 financial panic led to successive decreases in railroad workers’ wages; tens of thousands joined strikes in several cities, leading to violence and the deaths of 100 people; communists were blamed

Haymarket Riot

1886: 40,000 workers in Chicago went in strike for 8-hour workday; police and workers clashed, resulting in deaths on both sides; anarchist leaders were arrested and sentenced to death

Pullman Strike

1894: Pullman Palace Car Company built a model town for its workers near Chicago; depression of 1893 led to lower salaries and dismissals, but rents and prices of foods remained the same; workers joined Eugene V. Debs’ American Railway Union; strike paralyzed the economies of 27 states; strikebreakers and federal troops were mobilized

People’s Party (Populists)

1892, favored unlimited coinage of silver, progressive income tax, federal ownership of railroads and 8-hour work per day; restriction of immigration

Imperialism

A nation conquers foreign countries and turns them into colonies or quasi-colonies (protectorates)

White man’s burden

U.S. had to spread its democratic ideals, American culture, capitalist investments and Christian beliefs to “inferior races”.

Yellow journalism

U.S. press used sensational headlines, seeking to manipulate public opinion and shape legislation

U.S. Battleship Maine

exploded at the port of Havana (Capital of Cuba) killing 260 sailors

Teller amendment

Amendment to war resolution that denies U.S. intention to annex Cuba

Platt Amendment

Amendment (1901) to the Cuban constitution that allowed the U.S. to intervene militarily and granted Guantanamo bay perpetually to the U.S.

Boxers rebellion

Chinese nationalists (Boxers) rebelled and attacked foreigners; in 1900 the U.S. joined other foreign powers in a war against China and the Boxers, successfully imposing their will

The “Big Stick” Diplomacy

• Roosevelt become pres. Upon McKinley’s assassination by an anarchist in 1901

• Acquisition of Pana as a protectorate from Colombia and the construction of the canal in 1903

• Roosevelt Corollary of 1904: a principle that the U.S. had the right to militarily intervene in Latin America; used to force payment of foreign debts

The Great White Fleet

Roosevelt sent the entire U.S. Fleet on a grand fourteen-month tour around the globe to show American power

Dollar Diplomacy

Doctrine established by William Howard Taft which allowed for military intervention in the Caribbean to secure friendly governments and safe financial investment for Americans

The progressive era (1890-1920)

Gilded age is replaced with a new era of activism and calls for social reform and increased government powers

Muckrakers

progressive journalists (first to employ investigative journalism) to show societal ills to the general public

Settlement houses

sheltered working class families and schooled them (“Americanizing effort”)

Initiative

Voters signed a petition to have a proposal put on the ballot

Referendum

Vote said proposal up or down

Recall procedure

Remove a corrupt or incompetent elected official

16th constitutional amendment

1913- setting progressive (graduated) income tax, in which wealthier people paid more

17th constitutional amendment

banning alcohol production and selling in 1917, made effective 1920

First Red Scare

1919-20 the Justice department illegally arrested and deported many suspected radicals, most of whom were immigrants

19th amendment

1919 gave women the right to vote

Assembly lines

highly efficient method that helps make cars (and any other manufactured good) faster at a lower cost, thus making them cheaper and more affordable for more people

Consumer culture

Valued leisure, self-expression, and self-indulgence

Nativism

political policy of promoting or protecting the interests of native-born or indigenous people over those of immigrants

Sacco and Vanzetti case

1920, fueled the mistrust and fear of foreign immigrants

Immigration Act of 1924

severely restricted immigration especially from eastern and southern europe

Scopes Trial

1925, high school teacher in TN was convicted of violating state law prohibiting the teaching of evolution

Bootlegging

the illegal manufacture, distribution, or sale of alcohol

Isolationism

policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries

Return to normalcy

Republicans returned to power in 1920 with President Warren G. Harding, under this motto, and continued under his successor Calvin Coolidge