Criminal Justice Unit 2

How many civilizations did law officials exist in?

Every one

Countries that had people maintain order and enforce rules.

Babylonia, Ancient China, Greece, Egypt, India, Rome, the Persian Empire, Pre-colonial Africa, Mayan/Aztec civilizations

In which country did law enforcement vary widely?

Medieval Europe

What was the pledge system?

Protected the settlement

What are tithings?

10 </= families handled their own issues

What is a ‘Hue and Cry’?

A call for assistance

What are hundreds?

Ten tithings

What are shires?

Groups of hundreds (similar to today’s county)

What is a constable?

Handled policing for the hundred

What is a Shire Reeve?

Supervised and policed the shire

Who was a predecessor for today’s sheriff?

Shire Reeve

When was the Early Medieval Law Enforcement in England?

Prior to Norman Conquest 1066

What is a watch system?

Watchmen who patrolled/protected large cities at night

When was the (JOP) Justice of Peace developed?

1326

Why was the (JOP) Justice of Peace developed?

To assist the Shire Reeve

What job did the Shire Reeve eventually take on?

Judicial functions

Who served on the JOP, serving legal process, investigating, executing warrants, and handling prisoners?

Local Constable

Why was there a need for more police in the 18th century?

A rise in crime

How did private policing profit legally and illegally?

A lack of state sanctioned police agencies

The “Thief takers” were..?

Very corrupt and violent

Who was Henry Fielding?

He made a more professionalized private force in 1748

What did Henry Fielding name his private police force?

Bow Street Runners

When was the Metropolitan police Act created?

1829

Who created the Metropolitan police Act?

Robert Peel

What was the first public police force?

The Metropolitan police Act

What were the nicknames of the officers? (named after Sir Robert Peel)

Bobbies

Were the Bobbies successful at stopping crime?

No, they were unsuccessful

Which country’s law enforcement was modeled after the English?

America’s

Who were the primary officers in Colonial America?

Sheriffs

Sheriffs were responding to calls, not preventing them. They were…?

Reactionary

Who patrolled in Southern States?

Slave Patrols

Who patrolled Western territories?

Vigilantes

Mid 1800’s

What arose from an increase in urban mod violence?

Formal policing

Formal policing in Boston

1838

Formal policing in New York

1844

Formal policing in Philly

1854

• Was a highly desirable job

• Lack of training and standardization

• Incompetent, corrupt, and disliked

• Political appointees appointed

• Replaced watchmen

• Maintenance, not crime control

Formal policing

Mid 1800’s-1900’s

Adapted technology

• Telegraph, bicycles, motorcycles, motorized vehicles

• Focused more on crime

• The south focused on enforcing Jim Crow laws

20th Century

Who oversaw police departments in several jurisdictions?

Citizens, legislatures, and local admins

What did the police strike lead to?

State/federal commissions to investigate how to improve policing

The development of professional organization

IACP (International Association of chief of police)

Who were the early reformers of pioneering professionalism in policing?

August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson

Which events dampened progress towards police reform?

WWI and The Great Depression

1960’s-1980’s

What renewed police reform?

The Civil Rights Era

1960’s

Civil unrest, increased crime and drug addiction rates confronted ill-equipped police force

1960’s-beyond

Supreme Court decisions shape interrogation and search/seizure policies

What led to improved pay, benefits, training, and education in the police force?

Federal funding and police unions

Who became a community figure rather than just law enforcement?

Police

1990 reforms

How does public awareness of police activity grow?

Civilian access to technology

1991

What was the event that led to awareness of police brutality?

The beating of Rodney King

In the 90’s, what improved in police departments?

Intellectual caliber, education level, professionalism, and racial/gender diversity

What helped improve police departments?

Forensic and advanced technology abilities

2000’s-2020’s

What to agencies continue to improve?

Community relations, diversity, and cooperation with agency

What allows the public to record all police interactions?

Technical advances

Which breakthrough continues to enhance investigation?

Forensic breakthroughs

What can document any instance of police brutality?

Public access to recording devices

What has renewed debates about the police’s role in reducing crime and police relations with minorities

Publicized use of force

What is the only power federal law enforcement agencies have?

To enforce federal laws (Some limited caveats)

Who do federal agencies work alongside?

State and Local law enforcement task force officers

How many agencies are there?

More than 30

Do agencies have limited jurisdiction?

No they do not

Are their ranks or hierarchy in agencies?

No their is no hierarchy

Examples of agencies

DOJ, FBI, DEA, ATF, USMS, DHS, CBP, ICE, USSS

Can state law enforcement enforce all state laws?

Yes they can

What was created to address rural crime and give assistance to local agencies?

State Law Enforcement

What has evolved over time from English origin?

County law Enforcement

What varies according to the size and degree of the development of a county?

County law enforcement duties

What number of sheriff departments serve dual roles?

Most of them

What are the multiple roles sheriff departments serve?

Operating counting jail/prison transport/ enforcing law in the county

What is the majority of U.S law enforcement officers employed by?

“Local” municipal agencies

How many full-time local law enforcement employees are there?

599,000

Is policing as diverse as the community it serves?

Yes. It should be

Which type of policing is a multi-billion-dollar industry with 1.5 billion employees?

Private policing

Why is private policing on the rise?

• Preference for private over government involvement

• Needs to protect assets on private property

What are the focuses of private policing?

Private assets and private property

What are the criticisms of private policing?

• Private policing may not have the same restrictions as public policing

• Profit motive instead of public safety

Advances in technology in law enforcement:

• Body/dash cams

• facial recognition/AI

• License plate recognition

• DNA advances

• Phone tracking

• Crime mapping

• Predictive analytics

• Drones

• Social media

What do independent agencies within the executive branch do?

• Operate without specific administrative governmental control

• The city refrains from financial power over departments

Hierarchical system with people in command:

• Specific structure depends on the size of the department

• Regardless of size, police chief in the head

Time in rank system

Officers have to serve a certain amount of time before being promoted

Pros of time in rank system

• Ensures organizational stability

• Maintains fairness in the promotional system

• Rank is rarely taken away once given

• Protects agencies from losing valuable admin to other departments

Cons of time in rank system

• Restricts admin flexibility

• Prohibits rapid advancement

• Results in more admin conservative police agencies

• Rank rarely taken away

What is the backbone of American policing?

Uniformed patrol

What does uniformed patrol do?

• Deter crime

• Maintain public order

• Respond rapidly

• Identify/apprehend suspects

• Provide care to people who need it

• Facilitate movement of traffic

• Create feelings of security

What are police patrol activities?

Order maintenance/ peacekeeping

Which areas have more problems, thus more police involvement?

Poor areas

What is a research question about patrol?

Its effectiveness

Ways to improve patrol effectiveness:

• Aggressive (Proactive) policing- Preventing crimes before they occur

• Broken windows policing- Deteriorating neighborhoods attract criminals. Enforcing quality of life laws, repels criminals

• Procedural justice- Treating a community with fairness and respect promotes cooperationLeveraging technology- Predictive analytics, surveillance analytics

What are detectives?

Experienced civil servants trained in investigation and knowledgeable about criminal procedure

Investigative services organizations

• Crime types (Burglary, robbery, crimes against people, property crime)

• Geographical

• Combo of both

Investigative process

Focuses on the cause of crime to identify suspects

Three-pronged approach

Specific focus, general focus, informative

About the investigative process

• It relies on experience

• It is an art as well as a science

What is a sting operation?

Short-term, very severe, policing present as a decoy. i.e. cops presenting as a prostitute

What is an undercover operation?

long-term (months/years), penetrates and identifies criminal conspiracy

What has the potential for entrapment?

Sting and undercover operations

What is entrapment during a sting or undercover operation?

The government induced the defendant to commit the crime; persuasion/ coercion(Soliciting someone does not establish inducement)

Improving investigations with technology

• Information tech/databases

• Communications

• DNA/ Criminal ID

• Record storage

Improving investigations with forensic science

• Scientific techniques to solve cases

• Increased popularity (tv shows, media, movies)

• Range of scientific techniques, new tech emerging

Community oriented policing

• Programs and strategies designed to bring police and the community closer. Cooperative working environment

• Implementing community-oriented policing. Foot patrol: most common approach

• Bond forming with community

• Decrease fear, increases safety

• Federal involvement through funding