AP Human Geography Vocab List #1

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43 Terms

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Spatial Patterns

How and where different geographic features occur on the earth’s surface

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Absolute Direction

Cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west)

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Relative Direction

Describes one location in reference to another

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Elevation

Measures the height of geographic features relative to sea level

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Geographic Information System

A system of databases and software tools that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays any kind of location based data.

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Remote Sensing

A process of gathering data about Earth from instruments like satellites, which can read complex information about Earth’s surface from far above.

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Nodal Region

An area organized around a central point, or node, where the defining characteristic of the region is strongest at the center and weakens as you move away from it.

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Time-Space Compression

The idea that technological advancements have reduced the relative distance between places, making them feel closer together and increasing interaction despite the actual physical distance remaining the same.

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Environmental Determinism

A nineteenth hand early twentieth century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

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Possibilism

The idea that the physical environment influences human culture and limits human actions, but that human cultures and activities are always creatively developed from many possible alternatives.

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Functional Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

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Absolute location

Description of the position of a place in a way that never changes.

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Toponym

The name given to a place on Earth

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Formal Region

An area that has clear boundaries and in which people share one or more distinctive political, cultural, or economic characteristics.

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Human-Environment Interaction

The ways humans adopt to modify and depend on their environment and how these interactions shape both human societies and the natural world

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Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to other places of features

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Perceptual region

An area that people believe exists because of popular ideas, stereotypes, cultural identity, etc.

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Reference Maps

Maps designed to give general information about places, like directions of toponyms

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Isoline maps

Uses lines to connect points of equal value on a map, representing continous data.

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Choropleth maps

A map that uses various colors or various shades of one color within already defined boundaries in order to show the distribution of data and reveal geospatial patterns

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Cartogram

A map in which the projection and scale are distorted in order to convey the information of a variable

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Mercator Projection

A map projection known for preserving accurate directions and shapes, especially along coastlines, which makes it useful for navigation

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Gall-Peters Projection

A popular equal-area projection. The relative size of one country to another is accurate. However, shapes of countries and direction are distorted.

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Conic Distribution

The arrangement of features across a geographic area, specifically using a map projection where a cone is placed over the Earth

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Robinson Projection

A map projection known for its attempt to minimize distortion when displaying the world on a flat surface

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Contour lines

A line on a topographic map that connects all points of equal elevation above sea level

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Dot Distribution Map

A map that depicts data that consists of discrete observations. Each dot represents a predetermined observations.

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Latitude (parallels)

A line that goes East and West

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Lines of longitude

Circles drawn around the globe that run north and south, from pole to pole, and measure distances east or west from the Prime Meridian.

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Spatial Association

The degree to which two or more phenomena are similarly arranged in space

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Large-scale maps

Maps that cover smaller areas with greater detail

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Small-scale maps

Maps that cover larger areas with less detail

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Remote Sensing

A process of gathering data about Earth from instruments like satellites, which can read complex information about Earth’s surface from far above

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Field Observations

Observing and collecting data about people, cultures, and their environments in their natural settings.

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Thematic Map

A type of map used to show the distribution of the world’s resrouces

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Political Map

A type of map that displays human-created boundaries

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Physical Map

A type of map that focuses on the natural features of a region, displaying elements, reivers, and deserts, often using color and shading to represent elevation and landforms

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Prime Meridian

The meridian, designated at 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England

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Spatial Data

Any information that can be tied to a specific location

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Equator

0 degrees of latitude

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Scale of aggregation

The scale at which someone groups data to analyze a particular phenomenon

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Aerial Photography

Professional images captured from places within the atmosphere

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Spatial Concepts

The way in which different phenomena are organized in space