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Spatial Patterns
How and where different geographic features occur on the earth’s surface
Absolute Direction
Cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west)
Relative Direction
Describes one location in reference to another
Elevation
Measures the height of geographic features relative to sea level
Geographic Information System
A system of databases and software tools that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays any kind of location based data.
Remote Sensing
A process of gathering data about Earth from instruments like satellites, which can read complex information about Earth’s surface from far above.
Nodal Region
An area organized around a central point, or node, where the defining characteristic of the region is strongest at the center and weakens as you move away from it.
Time-Space Compression
The idea that technological advancements have reduced the relative distance between places, making them feel closer together and increasing interaction despite the actual physical distance remaining the same.
Environmental Determinism
A nineteenth hand early twentieth century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
Possibilism
The idea that the physical environment influences human culture and limits human actions, but that human cultures and activities are always creatively developed from many possible alternatives.
Functional Region
An area organized around a node or focal point
Absolute location
Description of the position of a place in a way that never changes.
Toponym
The name given to a place on Earth
Formal Region
An area that has clear boundaries and in which people share one or more distinctive political, cultural, or economic characteristics.
Human-Environment Interaction
The ways humans adopt to modify and depend on their environment and how these interactions shape both human societies and the natural world
Relative Location
The position of a place in relation to other places of features
Perceptual region
An area that people believe exists because of popular ideas, stereotypes, cultural identity, etc.
Reference Maps
Maps designed to give general information about places, like directions of toponyms
Isoline maps
Uses lines to connect points of equal value on a map, representing continous data.
Choropleth maps
A map that uses various colors or various shades of one color within already defined boundaries in order to show the distribution of data and reveal geospatial patterns
Cartogram
A map in which the projection and scale are distorted in order to convey the information of a variable
Mercator Projection
A map projection known for preserving accurate directions and shapes, especially along coastlines, which makes it useful for navigation
Gall-Peters Projection
A popular equal-area projection. The relative size of one country to another is accurate. However, shapes of countries and direction are distorted.
Conic Distribution
The arrangement of features across a geographic area, specifically using a map projection where a cone is placed over the Earth
Robinson Projection
A map projection known for its attempt to minimize distortion when displaying the world on a flat surface
Contour lines
A line on a topographic map that connects all points of equal elevation above sea level
Dot Distribution Map
A map that depicts data that consists of discrete observations. Each dot represents a predetermined observations.
Latitude (parallels)
A line that goes East and West
Lines of longitude
Circles drawn around the globe that run north and south, from pole to pole, and measure distances east or west from the Prime Meridian.
Spatial Association
The degree to which two or more phenomena are similarly arranged in space
Large-scale maps
Maps that cover smaller areas with greater detail
Small-scale maps
Maps that cover larger areas with less detail
Remote Sensing
A process of gathering data about Earth from instruments like satellites, which can read complex information about Earth’s surface from far above
Field Observations
Observing and collecting data about people, cultures, and their environments in their natural settings.
Thematic Map
A type of map used to show the distribution of the world’s resrouces
Political Map
A type of map that displays human-created boundaries
Physical Map
A type of map that focuses on the natural features of a region, displaying elements, reivers, and deserts, often using color and shading to represent elevation and landforms
Prime Meridian
The meridian, designated at 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England
Spatial Data
Any information that can be tied to a specific location
Equator
0 degrees of latitude
Scale of aggregation
The scale at which someone groups data to analyze a particular phenomenon
Aerial Photography
Professional images captured from places within the atmosphere
Spatial Concepts
The way in which different phenomena are organized in space