week 14, ch 13: social infulences & visual acuity

Social learning is defined as acquiring information by _.

Observing others

Humans uniquely transmit knowledge across _.

Generations

Social learning facilitates the cultural transmission of _ such as writing and transportation innovations.

Skills

In Tomasello’s (1953) study, 18‐month‐old Imo was observed washing her _.

Potatoes

Within months, Imo’s behavior was adopted by _ of her troop.

40%

Some animals, like certain monkeys, show independent behavior with a _ spread, indicating no cumulative learning.

Slow, non-accelerated

Lyons et al. (2007) found that when the goal is unclear, children tend to use _ and over-imitation.

Mimicry

Humans have a genetic predisposition to attend to _ cues.

Social

Developmental milestones such as pointing and shared attention support _ learning.

Social

A parenting style characterized by high warmth and high control is known as _.

Authoritative

A parenting style with low warmth and high control that emphasizes obedience is called _.

Authoritarian

A parenting style that is high in warmth but low in control and rarely uses punishment is termed _.

Permissive-Indulgent

A parenting style marked by low warmth and low control, meeting only basic needs, is called _.

Rejecting/Neglecting

Authoritative parenting tends to produce responsible, self-reliant, and _ children.

Academically successful

Authoritarian parenting is associated with unhappy children, low self-esteem, and _.

Aggression

Permissive-Indulgent parenting can lead to impulsivity and a lack of _.

Self-control

Rejecting/Neglecting parenting is linked to poor academic performance and significant _.

Aggression

In some Asian cultures, parents emphasize _ over individual achievement, sometimes finding authoritarian methods effective.

Cooperation

Latino cultures often stress family _ and lean toward authoritarian approaches.

Respect

Lower socioeconomic status (SES) families are more likely to exhibit _ or punitive parenting methods.

Controlling

Higher education levels in parents foster beliefs in a more _ child development.

Dynamic, active

Observational learning can include counter-imitation, which is learning what _ do by observation.

Not to do

Direct instruction involves telling children what to do, when to do it, and _.

Why

Positive feedback and reinforcement increase the likelihood that desirable behavior will _.

Recur

Punishment decreases undesired responses but only suppresses behavior while the _ is present.

Punisher

A negative reinforcement trap occurs when a parent gives in to a child's _ to avoid an unpleasant task.

Complaining

According to the extinction principle, behavior diminishes when _ is removed.

Reinforcement

Under continuous reinforcement, behavior drops quickly when the _ is withdrawn.

Reward

Partial reinforcement results in behavior persisting longer due to _ rewards.

Unpredictable

Effective behavioral correction uses praise and _ reinforcement.

Positive

Withholding attention, or removal of a reward, is used to reduce _ behavior.

Undesirable

Consistency is _ in behavioral correction.

Key

Explaining and modeling desirable behavior is more effective than only _.

Punishing wrongdoing

Section 43 of the Canadian Criminal Code justifies _ under certain conditions.

Corporal punishment

Guidelines for corporal punishment state it must be reasonable, non-degrading, and _ relative to the misbehavior.

Timely

Skinner observed that punishment reduces behavior only _.

Temporarily

In infancy, parallel play is when 1-year-olds play independently while _ others.

Watching

During early toddler years, associative play involves children engaging in similar activities _.

Concurrently

In preschool, cooperative play involves interactive play with _ roles.

Defined

Make-believe play is common in preschool and can be influenced by _ context.

Cultural

Children with imaginary friends are often more _ and adept at real-life friendships.

Sociable

Early friendships are typically based on shared _.

Activities

Developing friendships involve psychological bonds such as trust and _ support.

Mutual

In adolescence, intimate friendships emerge, characterized by sharing secrets and exploring _ relationships.

Romantic

Piaget observed that peer interactions help children transition from heteronomous to _ moral thinking.

Autonomous

Human social learning is underpinned by traits such as language, shared attention, and _ bonding.

Emotional

Different parenting styles produce widely varying outcomes in children’s _.

Development

Positive reinforcement and clear modeling are more effective than _ alone.

Punishment

Peer interactions and social play significantly shape both moral and _ development.

Social

Understanding social influences is critical for addressing stress and _ in behavior.

Uncertainty

Effective communication and leading by example are fundamental to nurturing healthy _.

Development

Visual deprivation due to congenital cataracts results in vision like “looking through _.”

Wax paper

Newborns have an innate preference for certain _ patterns.

Visual

By 3 months, visual preferences become stronger and more _.

Refined

Post-surgery, infants initially show newborn-like preferences, indicating that without visual input the brain _.

Waits

Teller Acuity Cards measure an infant’s ability to detect increasingly fine black-and-white _.

Gratings

After one hour of visual experience, there is a _ improvement in acuity.

Measurable

After one month of experience, visual acuity gains become _.

Larger

Experience-expectant processes involve neural architectures that develop in anticipation of _ inputs.

Species-typical

Experience-dependent processes lead to specialization based on an individual’s _.

Environment

In Sugita’s (2008) study, infant macaques reared without exposure to faces initially preferred _ over non-face objects.

Faces

After one month of selective exposure, macaques showed preferential looking toward the type of faces they were _ to.

Exposed

Sugita’s study demonstrates that early exposure has a _ impact on later perceptual biases.

Lasting

Visual deprivation studies reveal that infant brains are genetically prepared for learning but require _ input to refine neural circuits.

Environmental

Without appropriate stimuli, neural systems remain in a “waiting” state until _ is provided.

Input