ONRAMPS unit 3 Exam Review

What was the state of the United States economy four years after the 1929 crash during the Great Depression and how many Americans were unable to find jobs?

Four years after the crash the Great Depression reached its lowest point with nearly one in four Americans who wanted a job unable to find one.

What was the result of farmers' inability to make enough money from their crops and the subsequent effects on the nation's economy including the closure of banks and the failure of various remedies?

Food rotted in the fields of a starving nation and the unemployed along with cash strapped farmers defaulted on their debts including mortgages. Over extended banks already deprived of income took savings accounts down with them when they closed. This led to fear stricken observers withdrawing their deposits causing more banks to shut down due to panic. With little being bought sold lent or spent and even bankers unable to access money the nation's economy nearly ground to a halt. Remedies such as higher tariffs restriction of immigration and adherence to sound money did not succeed in solving the crisis.

How did the 1932 presidential election transform the U.S. government and what was the impact of the New Deal?

The 1932 presidential election resulted in the victory of Democratic nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt who ran against incumbent president and Republican Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt's campaign which promised a New Deal for the American people led to a significant transformation in the U.S. government. Although the New Deal did not achieve all that its proponents hoped for or its opponents feared it brought about lasting changes in how Americans perceived their country during peacetime.

How did the combination of drought and agricultural practices during the 1930s lead to magnified problems of the Great Depression in the Great Plains?

During the early 1930s severe droughts hit the Great Plains lasting from 1932 to at least 1936. These droughts exacerbated longstanding agricultural issues especially in the Plains region. Previously farmers had plowed up natural ground cover for crops without considering the consequences. While wet decades had initially protected them the lack of rain during the early 1930s led to the exposed fertile topsoil turning to dust. Without sod or windbreaks like trees the rolling winds created massive dust storms which choked settlers livestock and resulted in dirt falling not only across the region but as far east as Washington.

What was the significance of the migration of people from the Dust Bowl region to California during the Great Depression and how was it depicted in a famous photograph by Dorothea Lange?

The migration of people from the Dust Bowl region which included Texas Oklahoma Kansas and Arkansas to California during the Great Depression was a significant event as the region had been hit hard by farmers' declining commodity prices foreclosures and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. The migration described as an 'exodus' resulted in Oklahoma alone losing 440 000 people or 18.4 of its 1930 population. This migration was captured in a famous and iconic photograph by Dorothea Lange titled 'Destitute Pea Pickers in California'. The photograph depicts a destitute 32 year old mother of seven which brought to life the suffering of millions during the Great Depression.

Who were the Okies and why did they become known as such?

The Okies were westward migrants primarily from the southwestern Plains states who were forced to leave their homes due to the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression. They were disparagingly called 'Okies' based on their origins in Oklahoma.

Who were the visibly displaced group during the Great Depression frequently moving around the country in search of jobs and what was the first significant reversal in population flow they represented?

The visible group during the Great Depression were men from all over the country who were lured by news and rumors of jobs in far flung regions. They moved around the country by hitching rides hopping freight cars or other means. This period saw the first significant reversal in the flow of people between rural and urban areas with thousands of city dwellers fleeing the jobless cities and moving to rural areas.

What actions were taken by state and local officials during the Great Depression to make it difficult for migrants to find work or receive relief?

During the Great Depression state and local officials made it a crime to bring poor migrants into certain states allowed local officials to deport migrants to neighboring states and established 'border blockades' to block poor migrants from entering and finding work. A billboard outside Tulsa Oklahoma even warned potential migrants to stay out of California due to the lack of jobs available.

How did the plight of Depression era migrants as depicted in The Grapes of Wrath lead to the creation of the Select Committee to Investigate the Interstate Migration of Destitute Citizens and what impact did this have?

The publication of John Steinbeck s The Grapes of Wrath in 1939 drew attention to the struggles of Depression era migrants including the family captured by Lange in 1938 who were traveling across Oklahoma due to the father's illness and inability to receive relief or WPA work. A month after the film version's release Congress created the Select Committee to Investigate the Interstate Migration of Destitute Citizens. The committee held widely publicized hearings in 1940 but it was too late as defense industries were already gearing up due to the outbreak of World War II and the 'problem' of migration became a lack of migrants needed for war industries. Relief for the migrants was nowhere to be found in 193 x .

How did the Hoover administration's actions affect the number of European visas during the Great Depression?

The Hoover administration intensified the effects of the Great Depression on foreign immigration by instructing consular officers to scrutinize visa applications of those 'likely to become public charges' and suggesting that this might include denying visas to most if not all alien laborers and artisans. These restrictive and exclusionary actions further stifled foreign immigration.

How did immigration from Mexico change between 1930 and 1940 and what efforts were made during that time to reduce Mexican immigration?

During the 1930s immigration from Mexico decreased significantly with exclusionary measures targeting Mexican immigrants. As early as 1929 the State Department made concerted efforts to reduce immigration from Mexico and these actions were reinforced by executive actions taken by President Hoover the following year. In the Southwest officials coordinated efforts to push out Mexican immigrants with agencies like the Citizens Committee on Coordination of Unemployment Relief and the Los Angeles County Department of Charities working closely with federal officials to conduct deportation raids and negotiate charity rates with railroads to return Mexicans 'voluntarily' to their country. As a result the number of Mexican born individuals in the US decreased between 1930 and 1940.

What happened to immigration in the United States during the Depression and how did official policies contribute?

During the Depression immigration to the United States plummeted and deportations rose with more people leaving the country than entering it. Hostile attitudes intensified and official policies became less welcoming contributing to this decline. This was a departure from the Hoover administration's divisive practices but still a result of the New Deal's handling of immigration and the economic conditions of the time.

How did the Great Depression affect the livelihood of a family in Humboldt County California as described in a letter to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt in 1934?

The Great Depression caused a family in Humboldt County California extreme financial hardship with the husband being out of work for nearly two years. The wife who worked at the county courthouse was their primary source of income and struggled to support the family. As their situation worsened the wife wrote to Eleanor Roosevelt seeking temporary employment for her husband. The family was expecting a baby and was concerned about providing for its needs hoping for a 'happy start in life' after a period of 'worry and despair'.

How did the Great Depression affect Americans including the middle and working class in terms of unemployment wages and expenses?

The Great Depression led to rampant unemployment and declining wages causing Americans to slash expenses. While the fortunate could survive by deferring vacations and consumer purchases middle and working class Americans might have to rely on disappearing credit at neighborhood stores.

How did people respond to the loss of a breadwinner's job during the economic crisis in the 1930s and what happened when their resources were exhausted?

People initially tried to make do by exhausting their savings borrowing from relatives and friends getting credit from local grocery stores and butchers and deferring rent payments. However these resources were often insufficient to withstand the 'unending relentlessness of the economic crisis.' When all these resources were exhausted people were forced to seek public assistance and private charities. But even these sources were quickly overwhelmed by the scope of the crisis.

How did many Americans affected by the Great Depression survive according to the text and what does this reveal about the state of public services during this time?

According to the text many Americans affected by the Great Depression survived by encamping on public or marginal lands in 'Hoovervilles ' spontaneous shantytowns. This reveals the severe reduction in public services and the dire state of affairs as essential services were reduced to the bare minimum salaries of city employees were cut twice hundreds of faithful employees were furloughed and the city had to borrow from its own future welfare to keep its unemployed at bare subsistence levels. The text highlights the desperate situation with the city unable to prevent wide spread hunger and slow starvation through its own resources.

How did American assumptions about family structure impact women during the Great Depression?

American suppositions about family structure led to women suffering disproportionately during the Depression. With the ideal of the 'male breadwinner' being a fiction for poor Americans women and young children entered the labor force out of necessity. However during this labor crisis employers were less likely to hire married women and more likely to dismiss those already employed. This resulted in women being affected by the economic downturn to a greater extent than men.

How did the Great Depression impact the hiring practices of employers towards married women and non white Americans?

Employers were less likely to hire married women once the Depression came and were more likely to dismiss those they already employed. They were also generally the last to hire black workers when businesses expanded production. The Depression had a more severe impact on non white Americans with one Black pensioner telling interviewer Studs Terkel that 'The Great American Depression...only became official when it hit the white man.' Accounts suggest that women without regular work particularly non white women were at a greater threat of sexual violence and had to depend on each other for protection.

How did the employment and wages of Black workers in the United States were affected during the economic downturns in the early 1930s as studied by the National Urban League?

The National Urban League found that Black workers were disproportionately affected during economic downturns with unemployment reaching as high as 50 in 1932 compared to the national average of around 25 . Furthermore even those who kept their jobs saw their already low wages cut dramatically.

What was the situation in terms of employment in the country as described in a congress testimony by Edward F. McGrady representative of the American Federation of Labor in June 20 1932?

At that time in the last two weeks 287 000 men and women had lost their jobs and the number of unemployed people had reached 10 867 000 which was close to 11 000 000. The testimony mentioned that there were no signs of improvement in employment conditions. Additionally the factory payrolls in New York State had fallen by 10 percent in the recent months down to 45 percent.

What was the state of the economy according to an article mentioned in the context with the situation in steel production New York Times business activity index cotton price United States Steel Company orders farm products prices and pig iron production?

The economy was in a serious downturn with steel production in the Pittsburgh district at 15 percent of capacity 85 percent of the steel industry having no work the New York Times business activity index at a new low of 55 meaning 55 percent normal cotton at the lowest price in 200 years orders on the books of the United States Steel Company at the lowest point in the company's history farm products selling at 64.8 percent of 1915 prices with a downward tendency and pig iron production in May down 60 percent from May 1931.

What was the situation in the 1930s that led to some refugees turning to the government for help as alluded to in the quote and how did this affect local labor markets as depicted in the photographs by Dorothea Lange?

In the 1930s severe dust storms in the Plains known as the Dust Bowl forced approximately 3.5 million people to leave their homes and move to other regions including California. The documentary photograph by Dorothea Lange in 1935 shows drought refugees from Oklahoma seeking work in the pea fields of California. Another photograph taken by Lange in May 1937 depicts drought refugee families mixing with and replacing Mexican field laborers in the Southwest near Chandler Arizona. These photographs suggest that the influx of refugees affected local labor markets particularly in the agricultural sector.

What information about migratory labor in California is provided in a letter from A.G. Arnoll secretary and general manager of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce in response to a request from a University of Michigan student?

The letter provides information about the use of Mexican and Mexican American labor in California's agriculture industry. From the war until 1929 around 170 000 of these workers were required each year for farming in the state. The enclosed articles focus on this type of migratory labor.

What was the reason for the forced removal of Mexican people from California in the 1930s as mentioned in the apology act for the Mexican Repatriation Program?

The forced removal of Mexican people from California in the 1930s was primarily due to the fear and frustration caused by the significant increase in population from temperate region areas. This resulted in the 'do not hire a Mexican if a white man is out of work' slogan and the repatriation of approximately 160 000 Mexican people from California.

What happened during the raids in California targeted at persons of Mexican ancestry and who were some of the affected individuals?

During the raids in California targeted at persons of Mexican ancestry massive raids were conducted on Mexican American communities resulting in the clandestine removal of thousands of people. Many of these individuals had been born in the United States including in the State of California. These raids also coerced thousands of people to leave the country in the face of threats and acts of violence. Authorities and others indiscriminately characterized these persons as 'illegal aliens' even when they were United States citizens or permanent legal residents. In total it is estimated that two million people of Mexican ancestry were forcibly relocated to Mexico approximately 1.2 million of whom had been born in the United States. Authorities in California and other states instituted programs to wrongfully remove persons of Mexican ancestry.

What is the State of California apologizing for regarding the illegal activities and government sponsored Repatriation Program of the 1930s which resulted in the removal of persons to Mexico and violated their basic civil liberties and constitutional rights?

The State of California is apologizing for the illegal deportation and coerced emigration during the 1930s which forced families to abandon or be defrauded of their personal and real property. This illegal Repatriation Program caused suffering and hardship to the individuals and their families.

Why did Americans turn to the government for help during the peak of unemployment in the Great Depression?

During the peak of unemployment in the Great Depression which was 25 in 1932 Americans turned to the government for help as private businesses were crippled and charities were overwhelmed by the crisis.

What did Roosevelt's phrase 'a new deal' for the American people which he pledged in his 1932 acceptance speech represent in shorthand for his political program?

Roosevelt's 'New Deal' represented his program addressing the economic crisis in the United States drawing from American progressivism and aimed at providing a barrier against starvation hopelessness and perpetual poverty.

How did President Roosevelt and his administration respond to the banking crisis during the Great Depression?

In response to the banking crisis during the Great Depression President Roosevelt declared a national 'bank holiday' to close American banks and stabilize the collapsing banking system with some Federal Reserve banks on the verge of insolvency.

What was the result of Roosevelt's first Fireside Chat and the passing of the Glass Steagall Banking Act in terms of bank stability?

Roosevelt's first Fireside Chat helped stabilize banks by explaining new banking safeguards and encouraging people to trust and deposit their savings in banks leading to deposits outpacing withdrawals. The Glass Steagall Banking Act further solidified bank stability by instituting a federal deposit insurance system and separating commercial and investment banking.

What did Roosevelt propose during his First Hundred Days and how did he lead the implementation of his proposals?

During his First Hundred Days Roosevelt proposed jobs programs public work projects higher wages shorter hours old age pensions unemployment insurance farm subsidies banking regulations and lower tariffs. He directed the implementation of these proposals like a seasoned field general with congressional allies focusing on relief for suffering Americans. Despite some questions over the constitutionality of his actions Americans and their congressional representatives conceded to his leadership.

What were the two major efforts of Roosevelt's early recovery program during the Great Depression and what was the aim of each?

The two major efforts of Roosevelt's early recovery program were the Agricultural Adjustment Administration AAA and the National Recovery Administration NRA . The AAA created in May 1933 aimed to raise the prices of agricultural commodities by offering cash incentives to voluntarily limit farm production. The National Industrial Recovery Act NIRA which created the NRA intended to promote industrial recovery through cooperation between business and labor encouraging the creation of codes of fair competition setting minimum wages maximum hours and production goals.

What was the purpose of the National Recovery Administration NRA and how did it operate during the First Hundred Days of the New Deal to combat the Great Depression?

The National Recovery Administration NRA established in 1933 as part of the First Hundred Days of the New Deal was designed to help businesses coordinate prices production levels and employment conditions to curtail 'cutthroat competition.' In exchange for antitrust law exemptions participating businesses were expected to provide reasonable wages and hours end child labor and allow workers the right to unionize. Businesses that complied could display the NRA's Blue Eagle symbol signifying their cooperation in the collective effort to alleviate the Great Depression's economic hardships. Although the NRA programs contributed to stabilizing the American economy and increasing GDP unemployment remained persistently high prompting the New Deal to introduce additional measures such as the Civil Works Administration CWA and the Works Progress Administration WPA to address the unemployment crisis.

How did the New Deal programs such as the Public Works Administration PWA Civilian Conservation Corps CCC and Federal Emergency Relief Administration FERA address the impact of the Great Depression in the South?

The New Deal programs put unemployed men and women to work on projects proposed by local governments provided grants in aid to local governments for large infrastructure projects employed young men on conservation and reforestation projects and gave direct cash assistance to state relief agencies struggling to care for the impoverished. These initiatives aimed to alleviate poverty and provide employment in the South which was a region severely affected by the Great Depression.

How were southerners affected by the Great Depression and how did the New Deal programs aim to help them?

Southerners were already underpaid underfed and undereducated at the time of the Great Depression. When the stock market crashed the average per capita income in the American Southeast was the lowest in the nation at 365. Despite the efforts of civic boosters industry in the South remained low wage low skilled and primarily extractive with southern workers making significantly less than their national counterparts. Major New Deal programs were designed with the South in mind hoping to drastically decrease the amount of land devoted to cotton farming.

How did the AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration impact low paid southern farmworkers and what role did the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act play in affecting their wages?

The AAA's policies intended to stop the price decline of cotton led to unintended consequences for landless southern farmworkers. Instead of making farming profitable again it pushed many of them off the land. The government's reliance on landowners for subsidy distribution exacerbated the issue as many landowners kept the money and reinvested in mechanical farming equipment further reducing labor demand. The 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act later set a national minimum wage of 0.25 hour eventually rising to 0.40 hour which disproportionately affected low paid farmworkers in the South.

How did the National Labor Relations Act and the President's support impact the rights and wages of workers in the southern United States during the Great Depression?

The National Labor Relations Act also known as the Wagner Act guaranteed the rights of most workers to unionize and bargain collectively which led to higher wages shorter hours and better conditions for unionized workers in the South. With the support of the federal government union members saw Roosevelt as a protector of workers' rights with some even regarding him as 'an agent of God'.

How did the Tennessee Valley Authority TVA a New Deal program contribute to the impoverished watershed region of the Tennessee River and what was its goal?

The Tennessee Valley Authority TVA was an ambitious New Deal program that aimed to use hydroelectric power agricultural and industrial reform flood control economic development education and healthcare to radically remake the impoverished watershed region of the Tennessee River. The TVA built a series of hydroelectric dams to control flooding and distribute electricity to the otherwise nonelectrified areas at government subsidized rates. Its goal was to 'make a different type of citizen' out of the area's penniless residents.

What are some details about the Second New Deal including its establishment of the WPA and its impact on America's infrastructure and federal income tax?

The Second New Deal was a set of legislation that included a nearly five billion dollar appropriation to establish the Works Progress Administration WPA . The WPA a permanent version of the CWA ultimately employed millions of Americans on public works projects with the goal of employing 'the maximum number of persons in the shortest time possible.' The WPA built much of America's physical infrastructure including paving more than half a million miles of roads constructing thousands of bridges and building schools and post offices. It also funded artistic projects such as murals and oral histories. Additionally the Second New Deal restored a highly progressive federal income tax and implemented new reporting requirements for publicly traded companies. It also attempted rural reconstruction programs to assist struggling homeowners.

How did the president address criticism towards the introduction of social security as a means of assisting both the elderly and dependent children during the Great Depression and what was the funding source he specified for it?

The president addressed criticism towards the introduction of social security by specifically insisting that it be financed from payroll not the federal government funds. This revolutionary concept was part of the response to intractable poverty among America's neediest groups recognizing the government's responsibility for its citizens' economic well being.

Why did Franklin Roosevelt not specifically address the difficulties faced by Black communities during the New Deal and what example is given of the discrimination they faced?

Franklin Roosevelt did little to specifically address the particular difficulties Black communities faced during the New Deal to avoid provoking southern Democrats and risking his New Deal coalition. He even rejected proposals such as abolishing the poll tax and declaring lynching a federal crime. An example of the discrimination Black Americans faced is the case of nine young men charged with assaulting two white women in Scottsboro Alabama in 1931.

How did the International Labor Defense ILD contribute to the case of the 'Scottsboro Boys' and what warning was given by The Jackson Mississippi Daily News regarding African Americans benefiting from federally sponsored social welfare?

The International Labor Defense ILD played a significant role in the 'Scottsboro Boys' case by being the only organization to come to their aid when they were sentenced to death despite one of the women recanting her testimony. The ILD successfully challenged the boys' sentencing in appeals which led to the overturn of their death sentences. On the other hand The Jackson Mississippi Daily News warned that the prospect of African Americans benefiting from federally sponsored social welfare as proposed by the Social Security Act would allow Black southerners to escape the cycle of poverty and exploitation as cheap farm laborers which concerned Southern politicians.

Who were excluded from the benefits of New Deal programs during the Great Depression in the United States and in what ways were women included?

Many African Americans particularly domestic workers and farm laborers were excluded from the benefits of New Deal programs due to Roosevelt's agreement to remove these groups from the provisions of the bill. However women were included in some key positions within the administration such as the first female cabinet secretary Frances Perkins and a prominent African American advisor in the National Youth Administration Mary McLeod Bethune. Additionally First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was a key advisor to the president and a major voice for economic and racial justice.

How did the New Deal's gendered assumptions and two tiered social welfare state affect women's economic autonomy and the transformation of American government?

The New Deal's gendered assumptions made it difficult for women to attain economic autonomy as they were often funneled into means tested state administered relief programs. This created a two tiered social welfare state with entitlement benefits reserved for male workers. Despite great advances during this period the New Deal failed to challenge core inequalities that continued to mark life in the United States. The New Deal also led to a transformation of the American government and a realignment in American party politics.

How did the memory of the Great Depression and the role of the federal government continue to impact two generations of Americans?

Memories of the Great Depression continued to shape the outlook of two generations of Americans even after influence returned with the American intervention in World War II. Many survivors of the Great Depression remained loyal to the Democratic Party well into the 1960s having seen the federal government as a potential ally in their daily struggles such as finding work securing a decent wage obtaining fair prices for agricultural products and organizing unions. This period saw a jump in voter turnout in presidential elections in 1932 and 1936 with most newly mobilized voters becoming a durable piece of the Democratic Party.

How were Roosevelt's New Deal initiatives viewed by different political factions during the 1930s?

The New Deal initiatives of the FDR Administration were seen as a dangerous encroachment on individual liberty and free enterprise by those on the political right in the USA. However for those on the political left Roosevelt's actions were seen as narrowly avoiding a complete disaster and banking collapse.

How did the Wagner Act contribute to the New Deal's impact on working conditions?

The Wagner Act helped reduce working hours as part of the New Deal's advancements in working conditions.

How did conditions for workers improve during the 1930s and who advocated for women's economic and social rights within the New Deal?

Conditions for workers improved during the 1930s with a steady rise in Trade Union membership and a high percentage of strikes being settled in favor of the workers. However employers were resentful and some hired thugs to beat up trade union activists leading to incidents like the Memorial Day Massacre in 1937 where ten demonstrators were killed by the police. Big business remained a powerful force. Eleanor Roosevelt the First Lady was the principal advocate for women's economic and social rights within the New Deal. She advocated for women's rights based on the letters she received from ordinary Americans many of whom were working women who suffered from unemployment during the Great Depression.

How did the New Deal address the issues of women farmers sharecroppers migrant workers and ethnic groups and what was its impact on the general welfare of the country?

The New Deal largely bypassed black Americans made small concessions to the status of women and did little to improve the general standard of education for ethnic groups such as Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans. It also left untouched the problems of farmers sharecroppers and migrant workers in agriculture. However it has been noted that the New Deal did more for the general welfare of the country and its citizens than any previous administration providing indispensable relief for the underprivileged in both urban and rural areas and accomplishing much of permanent benefit to the nation.

How did the New Deal's effectiveness in achieving prosperity in peacetime and reducing unemployment during 1933 1936 come into question and what was the role of government spending in maintaining the economy's recovery according to W.E. Leuchtenburg and New Republic Magazine's analysis from 1936 40?

The New Deal aimed at recovering industry and agriculture and getting people back to work showed success in reducing unemployment and reviving businesses during its first phase 1933 1936 . However when the government reduced spending in 1937 production fell and a second wave of depression hit the country. To prevent a worsening situation Roosevelt injected billions of dollars into the economy. According to W.E. Leuchtenburg's analysis in Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal 1963 and the New Republic Magazine's viewpoint from 1936 40 it became clear that continual government spending was necessary for the economy's recovery and unemployment remained high six million unemployed in 1941 . It was only after the USA's involvement in the Second World War that the 'army of the jobless' started to disappear.

What were some of the achievements of the New Deal and how did it impact the American economy during the period between the World Wars?

The New Deal had notable positive achievements such as transforming the Tennessee Valley through the TVA building infrastructure with the PWA and providing jobs to artists and actors with the WPA. While it did not cure the Depression it gave hope to millions of people by providing them with jobs or saving their homes thus contributing to the recovery of American businesses.

How did the New Deal impact unemployment and the economy according to the PBS Online Article and School History Textbook?

The New Deal helped to reduce unemployment by getting millions of people back to work through agencies such as the CCC and WPA which undertook public projects like road building and tree planting. However unemployment remained high and some jobs were created just for the sake of it. Confidence in the economy remained low with people spending 75 less than they did in 1928 before the economic crash. The New Deal did not solve underlying economic problems and unemployment dropped before 1938 but rose again when Roosevelt cut government support.

What was the impact of Roosevelt and the New Deal and what were the arguments against it?

Roosevelt and the New Deal had a significant impact on America including the improvement of schools roads bridges and buildings relief for millions of Americans to prevent starvation and homelessness the rescue of the banking system and raising public moral. However there were arguments against the New Deal such as it not getting the economy out of the depression or solving unemployment not doing enough for minority groups making the central government and presidency too powerful interfering too much in people's lives and preventing economic recovery by placing too many rules and regulations on business and allowing trade unions to have too much power.

How did the New Deal advance the role of women in America during the 1930s?

The New Deal under President Roosevelt significantly advanced the role of women in America during the 1930s. It provided opportunities for professional women such as Ellen Woodward to work in higher positions of the federal government and for the first time placed women in positions of responsibility within the government including Frances Perkins as the Secretary of Labor the first female cabinet minister in history and Mary Bethune as head of the Division of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration. This trend was not matched again until the 1960s. The New Deal's efforts in this regard were due in part to the advocacy of Eleanor Roosevelt and others.

How did the New Deal benefit working women and what did it establish in terms of their rights?

The New Deal benefited working women through reforms such as the Fair Labor Relations Act which guaranteed workers' rights to organize and led to more than 800 000 women joining trade unions by the end of the 1930s. Additionally the Fair Labor Standards Act set maximum hour and minimum wages. Although some major categories of women's employment such as domestic workers and retail clerks were left outside the reach of the law these gains established the precedent that the plight of working women must be considered.

What is depicted in a 1933 cartoon by Tom Carlisle on the Roosevelt Institute's website regarding who is taken into consideration in any state or national effort to provide relief to the unemployed?

The cartoon depicts the consideration of corporations in state or national efforts to provide relief to the unemployed during 1933.

How did David M. Calugas the first Filipino American Medal of Honor recipient of World War II demonstrate bravery near Culis Bataan Province Philippine Islands on 16 January 1942?

David M. Calugas a mess sergeant of another battery voluntarily and without orders ran 1 000 yards across the shell swept area to a bombed and shelled gun position. He organized a volunteer squad placed the gun back in commission and fired effectively against the enemy despite the position remaining under constant and heavy Japanese artillery fire.

Who was Wade McClusky and how did his actions contribute to the outcome of the Battle of Midway?

Wade McClusky was a leading figure in the Battle of Midway. He led an attack that resulted in the destruction of two Japanese carriers Kaga and Akagi. His decision to continue searching for the enemy and his judgment in determining the enemy's location were crucial in determining the fate of the U.S. carrier task force and the outcome of the battle.

How did Roy Arnn and his gunner W.G. Chochalousek fare during their encounter with Japanese Zeros and how many times was their plane hit?

Roy Arnn and his gunner W.G. Chochalousek were engaged in a five minute chase with Japanese Zeros. During this encounter a burst from a Jap seemed to envelop their whole plane resulting in the left side of Arnn's cockpit being shattered and him feeling as if his left shoulder had been hit with a sledgehammer. Despite the initial assessment of their situation they realized there was an unusual quietness except for the purring engine of the old Dauntless. Upon checking on Chochalousek Arnn found that the gunner had shot down one of the Zeros and the other decided to retreat. After the incident they discovered that their plane had been hit 55 times.

What information does the text provide about the boat crew's assignment during the invasion of Normandy?

The text states that the boat crew boat crew 8 was assigned to land in the first wave on Omaha Beach with the 1st Infantry Division during the invasion of Normandy. Additionally they were to support the Ranger Battalion's mission to land and climb the cliffs to their right.

What happened to the city centers of Dresden Germany and Coventry as well as the village of Oradour sur Glane France during World War II?

Dresden Germany was photographed in 1952 with workers removing bomb debris in front of the ruins of the Frauenkirche indicating destruction caused by bombing. Coventry lost its entire city center in one night. In France SS troops killed 642 people including 207 children in Oradour sur Glane by herding them into buildings and setting fire to the entire village as a form of retaliation. This suggests that these cities and villages experienced significant damage and loss of life due to warfare.

In what location and due to what cause did Anne Frank the teenage diarist die after the British liberation in April 15 1945?

Anne Frank died of typhus at the Bergen Belsen concentration camp in Germany.

What was the attitude of the author in her diary entry before the British arrived as quoted in the context?

The author expressed her belief that people are really good at heart in her diary entry before the British arrived as quoted in the context.

How did post World War II American foreign assistance and investment contribute to Japan's current status as a mature democracy one of the largest economies and a crucial ally to the United States in the Asia Pacific?

From 1946 to 1952 the U.S. invested 2.2 billion approximately 18 billion adjusted for inflation to aid in Japan's reconstruction effort contributing to its development as a mature democracy one of the world's largest economies and an important U.S. ally in the Asia Pacific region.

What did President Roosevelt's 'Four Freedoms' entail and what made 'Freedom from want' controversial during World War II according to the given context?

President Roosevelt's 'Four Freedoms' included freedom of speech freedom of worship freedom from want and freedom from fear. Among these 'Freedom from want' was the most controversial during World War II as it implied a more extensive role for the government in ensuring economic security and addressing issues like poverty and inequality.

What did 'freedom from want' mean to Roosevelt in his 'Four Freedoms' speech and how was it perceived by his critics?

According to Roosevelt 'freedom from want' in his 'Four Freedoms' speech translates to economic understanding that ensures every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants while his critics associated this phrase with images of socialism or Americans living off governmental largess.

What kind of world is being described as the antithesis of the dictators' 'new order of tyranny' and what is its defining characteristic?

The kind of world being described is the moral order which is characterized as the cooperation of free countries working together.

What characterizes this nation that has placed its destiny in the hands and heads and hearts of its free men and women and what is its stance on freedom and unity?

This nation is characterized by its faith in freedom under the guidance of God its support for those who struggle to gain or keep human rights and its strength in unity of purpose. It believes that freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere and it aspires for victory in upholding this high concept.

What role did war bond posters play in the United States' financing of the war during World War II and how did they aim to increase ownership of the war among citizens?

War bond posters such as the 'Keep Us Flying!' poster from 1943 were used by the U.S. Treasury Department to finance the war by selling bonds and stamps to the public. These posters aimed to increase ownership of the war among citizens by calling upon them to share in the 'ownership' of the war. The 'Keep Us Flying!' poster specifically depicts an elite corps of airmen trained at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.

How did posters during World War II use imagery to convey social economic and political ideas including messages aimed at women and the celebration of the middle class?

Posters during World War II were used to convey various social economic and political ideas through imagery. They were used in campaigns such as the 'Retail Activities Campaign' by the Office of Economic Stabilization which encouraged women to avoid paying black market prices for goods and consider it as part of their homemaking responsibilities. Additionally poster campaigns aimed to increase productivity in factories and enlarge people's views of their responsibilities in a time of total war. Furthermore posters often celebrated the middle class and their contributions to the war effort.

What message about women's role in the workforce during wartime is conveyed in the production and promotion of posters like 'Victory Waits on Your Fingers' and 'Get a War Job!'?

The posters were created to encourage women especially those who had never held jobs before to participate in the defense industries civilian service and even the Armed Forces due to wartime labor shortages. This suggests a significant shift in societal expectations of women's roles during this period.

What does the 'We Can Do It!' poster featuring Rosie the Riveter symbolize and what elements of the image represent women's roles during World War II?

The 'We Can Do It!' poster featuring Rosie the Riveter symbolizes patriotic womanhood and strong competent women in factories during World War II. The overalls and bandana worn by Rosie represent women's roles as workers while the accouterments such as uniforms tools and lunch pails further emphasize their contributions to the war effort. The image portrays women as attractive confident and resolved to do their part in winning the war.

What information can be gathered from the 1940s UAW Education Department's publication Ammunition regarding the impact of racism and the United Auto Workers' stance on wartime housing?

A political cartoon in the publication draws attention to the negative impact racism had on the war effort while a UAW wartime housing advertisement appears in the same publication suggesting the organization's involvement in housing issues during that time.

How did the U.S. government use posters as an important outlet for promoting messages of personal responsibility during World War II on the Home Front and how did poster's advantage compare to other communication technologies at the time?

The U.S. government used posters during World War II on the Home Front as an important outlet for promoting messages of personal responsibility as they could 'work a 24 hour shift' unlike other communication technologies. Posters were exemplified by the image of a stern Uncle Sam declaring 'I Want You'. At the time there had been great advances in communication technology since World War I with motion pictures now able to talk and radio networks established in the 1920s broadcasting coast to coast to more than 80 percent of American homes. However posters were still considered an important tool in conveying messages of personal responsibility during a time of national emergency.

How did the volunteer spirit in America demonstrate civic responsibility during World War II specifically in relation to a government savings bond program?

During World War II America's volunteer spirit was demonstrated through participation in a government savings bond program known as Defense Bonds before the attack on Pearl Harbor and War Bonds afterwards. These U.S. Treasury securities served two main purposes financing the war and controlling inflation by taking money out of circulation. By investing in these bonds citizens actively contributed to the war effort and displayed civic responsibility.

What was the role of posters and their production during the war and how did they emphasize the importance of individual responsibility in a democratic society?

During the war posters were mass produced by businesses private organizations and government agencies to promote the war effort. The posters were used to supply incentives that would induce voluntary action emphasizing the idea that the defense of freedom depends on individual responsibility which was frequently highlighted on nearly every poster.

Why did Japanese Americans join the United States Armed Forces during World War II despite their internment?

Several thousand Japanese Americans joined the Military Intelligence Service MIS during World War II to serve their country fulfill their obligations as citizens and demonstrate their loyalty through their participation in the defense of their country particularly as interpreters and translators on the Pacific.

How did Japanese Americans contribute to the US military efforts during World War II and what was the impact of their contribution?

Japanese Americans particularly those in the Military Intelligence Service MIS provided an invaluable service during World War II by translating captured Japanese documents including battle plans lists of Imperial Navy ships and Japanese secret codes. They also crawled up close to enemy lines to hear and translate Japanese officers' commands tapped lines listened in on radios and made spot translations of messages and field orders. General Charles Willoughby chief of intelligence in the Pacific estimated that the contributions of the Japanese Americans of the MIS shortened the Pacific war by two years. Thirty three thousand Japanese Americans enlisted in the United States Armed Forces believing participation in the defense of their country was the best way to express their loyalty and fulfill their obligation as citizens.

How did Japanese American soldiers contribute to the war efforts during World War II?

Japanese American soldiers functioning as interpreters and translators in the Military Intelligence Service MIS played a significant role in the Pacific front by translating captured Japanese documents battle plans lists of Imperial Navy ships and Japanese secret codes. They crawled up close to enemy lines listened to radios and translated messages and field orders which shortened the Pacific war by an estimated two years according to General Charles Willoughby. Japanese American soldiers also helped win the war in Europe serving in a battalion formed by General Emmons in Hawaii in 1942.

What can be said about the 100th Battalion its volunteers and its experiences during World War II?

In response to Emmons's call 9 507 American born Japanese volunteered to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces. The 100th Battalion also known as the 'Purple Heart Battalion ' was formed with 1 400 men and fought in the Italian campaign resulting in 300 deaths and 650 wounded. Later it merged with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team primarily composed of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and internment camps. Their service was marked by bloody battles including those at Luciana Livorno and the Arno River where they suffered more than one fourth of their regiment's strength in casualties.

What did Captain Daniel Inouye do when his right arm was severely injured and his grenade was still clenched in his hand during the assault on German troops on Mount Nebbione in April 1945?

Captain Daniel Inouye swung around to pry the grenade out of his injured right fist with his left hand and then had it free.

What notable recognition was given to the 442nd military unit comprised of Japanese American soldiers during and after World War II?

The 442nd unit is 'probably the most decorated unit in United States military history ' having earned 18 143 individual decorations including 1 Congressional Medal of Honor 47 Distinguished Service Crosses 350 Silver Stars 810 Bronze Stars and more than 3 600 Purple Hearts. After the war President Harry Truman welcomed them home and acknowledged their contributions to fighting for the free nations of the world.

Despite their military success what challenge did Japanese American soldiers like Captain Inouye and civilians like Fusayo Fukuda Kaya continue to face in America after WWII as illustrated by Captain Inouye's experience in a San Francisco barbershop?

Japanese American soldiers and civilians continued to face prejudice and discrimination in America after WWII which was illustrated by Captain Inouye's experience of being refused a haircut in a barbershop due to his ethnicity despite his military heroism.

What happened to some Japanese internees who returned home after being in internment camps in America during the war?

Some of them found their houses damaged and fields ruined. Additionally some were never able to return home due to being too old too ill or too broken in spirit and instead died in the internment camps. This is reflected in a camp survivor's poetry expressing concern about who will visit their friend's lonely grave in the desert camps after they are gone.

What event occurred eleven months after President Franklin D. Roosevelt's speech to Congress in which he declared the supremacy of human rights and freedom as the nation's destiny and what were the consequences of this event?

The event that occurred eleven months later was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor Hawaii which took place on December 7 1941. The attack was a surprise and resulted in the sinking or damaging of 21 ships the destruction of 164 planes the wounding of 1 178 soldiers and sailors and the killing of 2 388 military personnel.

What recommendation did Navy Secretary Frank Knox make regarding Japanese aliens after the attack on Pearl Harbor as mentioned in a radio address aired two days after the Japanese attack?

Navy Secretary Frank Knox recommended the internment of all Japanese aliens on an outer island shortly after inspecting the still smoking ruins at Pearl Harbor.

How did General Emmons justify not removing Japanese workers from Hawaii during World War II and how many Japanese Americans were ultimately interned in Hawaii?

General Emmons justified not removing Japanese workers from Hawaii by stating that they represented over 90 percent of the carpenters nearly all of the transportation workers and a significant proportion of the agricultural laborers and that they were 'absolutely essential' for rebuilding Pearl Harbor. He also mentioned that there had been no known acts of sabotage committed by Japanese Americans in Hawaii. Ultimately only 1 444 Japanese Americans were interned in Hawaii.

Why did Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt want to exclude Japanese aliens and U.S. born Americans of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast?

Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt wanted to exclude Japanese aliens as well as U.S. born Americans of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast due to his behavior differing from his counterpart in Hawaii General Emmons and his push for exclusion despite intelligence findings that a mass internment could not be justified for security reasons.

What was the role of DeWitt and the military in the Japanese exclusion from the West Coast during World War II and what were the views of other officials like Biddle and Stimson on mass evacuation?

DeWitt a military official argued for the exclusion of Japanese living on the West Coast due to military necessity stating 'A Jap is a Jap is a Jap.' In February 1942 Provost Marshal General Allen Gullion drafted a proposal for the exclusion of potential saboteurs from designated military areas. However a final decision on evacuation had not been made in Washington. Attorney General Francis Biddle opposed mass evacuation stating 'there were no reasons for mass evacuation.' Secretary of War Stimson wrote in his diary on February 10 that there were no reasons for the mass evacuation of second generation Japanese.

Why did President Roosevelt approve the evacuation of Japanese individuals from the Pacific Coast during World War II as recommended by General DeWitt?

President Roosevelt approved the evacuation of Japanese individuals from the Pacific Coast during World War II based on General DeWitt's recommendation which was supported by a racial justification that the Japanese race is an enemy race and potential enemies of Japanese extraction are at large along the vital Pacific Coast.

Who were primarily targeted by Civilian Exclusion Order No. 27 issued under the command of General DeWitt and what order did President Roosevelt consider to be 'primarily a civilian matter'?

Civilian Exclusion Order No. 27 issued under the command of General DeWitt primarily targeted people of Japanese descent. President Roosevelt considered enemy alien control to be 'primarily a civilian matter' except in the case of the Japanese mass evacuation on the Pacific Coast.

Why did Japanese Americans including babies and those who believed the orders were unconstitutional have to evacuate their homes during World War II?

Japanese Americans including babies and those who believed the orders were unconstitutional had to evacuate their homes pursuant to military orders during World War II. They were instructed to bring their bedding toilet articles extra clothing and utensils. The evacuation notices were posted silently by soldiers on telephone poles causing disbelief and shock among the Japanese American community.

Why did Fred Korematsu in California and Gordon Hirabayashi in Washington refuse to report to the evacuation center and what were the consequences of their actions?

Fred Korematsu in California and Gordon Hirabayashi in Washington refused to report to the evacuation center because they believed that the curfew and evacuation orders which singled out a group based on ethnicity violated the principles of the Constitution. They wanted to uphold the principles of the Constitution and be full citizens in a white man's country. However they were arrested convicted sent to prison and their cases were taken to the Supreme Court which upheld their convictions saying the government's policies were based on military necessity.

What was the experience of the evacuees when they were forced to leave their homes and travel to the assembly centers during World War II?

The evacuees were only allowed to take what they could carry and were forced to sell most of their possessions including their refrigerators cars furniture radios pianos and houses. At the control centers they were registered and given a number surrounded by soldiers with rifles and bayonets. Some evacuees like Norman Mineta's father felt a deep sense of loss and sadness as they thought they might never see their loved homes again. They were all too aware that more than just their homes and possessions had been taken from them.

Where were evacuees taken via special trains during World War II according to the given context and what were some of the locations of these internment camps?

According to the given context evacuees were taken to ten internment camps located in remote desert areas via special trains during World War II. Some of these locations included Topaz in Utah Poston and Gila River in Arizona Amache in Colorado Jerome and Rohwer in Arkansas Minidoka in Idaho Manzanar and Tule Lake in California and Heart Mountain in Wyoming.

What were the living conditions like for the internees in the camps and what is one internee's description of their experience?

The internees in the camps were housed in barracks that were about 20 by 120 feet divided into four or six rooms. Typically a family was assigned to one room which was 20 by 20 feet in size and contained a pot bellied stove a single electric light an Army cot for each person and a blanket for the bed. One internee described their experience as being like 'birds living in a cage' and conveyed the 'unbearableness' of their confinement. The barracks were lined up in orderly rows and enclosed by barbed wire fences with guard towers. The internees were subjected to a military like routine including a daily wake up call by a siren blast and a flag salute at the start of the children's school day.

How did George Takei describe his experience at an American internment camp during World War II and what concerns did a Nisei woman have about having children in the camp?

George Takei described his experience at an American internment camp during World War II as being oppressive and regimented with soldiers carrying rifles and being afraid. A Nisei woman who was pregnant with her second child had concerns about having children in the camp as she worried about the future and the reality of the situation. She questioned the purpose of having children in such circumstances.

Why did President Roosevelt authorize the enlistment of American born Japanese in the Army and Navy despite their previous classification as enemy aliens?

President Roosevelt authorized the enlistment of American born Japanese in the Army and Navy in order to neutralize 'Japanese propaganda' that portrayed the war as a racial conflict and to permit the United States to 'tell the truth' in their counter propaganda.

What was the purpose of the loyalty questionnaires given to internees during World War II and what questions did they include?

The loyalty questionnaires were given to internees during World War II to process them for work furloughs and resettlement outside the restricted zones as well as to register young men for the draft. The questions included asking draft age males if they were willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty and asking all internees if they would swear unqualified allegiance to the United States and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor or any other foreign government.

How did Japanese Americans express their loyalty and protest against internment during World War II?

Some Japanese Americans expressed their protest against internment by answering 'no' giving a qualified answer or not responding to the loyalty questionnaire during draft registration. They believed this was a way to express their disagreement with the internment. On the other hand many Japanese Americans showed their loyalty by enlisting in the United States Armed Forces and serving as interpreters and translators on the Pacific front through the Military Intelligence Service. This was their way of fulfilling their obligations as citizens by participating in the defense of their country.