SLP 210 (m4-m6)

consonant sounds

speech sounds made by partial or total block of air flow through vocal tract

vowel sounds

speech sounds made through an open vocal tract

voicing

presence or absence of vocal fold vibration

voiced vs unvoiced

voiced: vocal fold vibration (adduct)

voiceless: vocal folds are apart (abduct)

anatomical process of speech production

• respiratory (airflow)

• phonatory (vocal fold vibration)

• resonatory (shaping the sound)

• oro-nasal (mouth or nasal airflow)

• articulatory (movement of articulators)

respiratory process

• inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out)

• airflow (lungs → trachea → larynx)  

phonatory process

• larynx contains vocal folds

• Bernoulli’s principle: pressure and velocity are inversely related

• vibration: voiced 

• no vibration: voiceless

resonatory process

• shaping sound

• changing the shape of the vocal tract

• amplifying: strengthening certain frequencies

• attenuating: weakening certain frequencies

oro-nasal process

• oral sounds: airflow travels through mouth (raised velum)

• nasal sounds: airflow travels through nose (lowered velum)

• hypernasal speech: too much nasal airflow

• hyponasal speech: blocked nasal airflow

articulatory process

• lips

• upper teeth

• tongue

• alveolar ridge

• hard palate

• velum

• uvala

• pharynx

• epiglottis

cognates

voiceless/voiced pairs of consonants

classifying consonants

• place of articulation (where)

• manner of articulation (how)

• voicing (present/absent vibration)

PLACE OF ARTICULATION 

bilabial

• upper and lower lips involved

• /p/, /b/, /m/

• /w/ is labiovelar

labiodental

• upper incisors resting on lower lip

• /f/, /v/

interdental

• tongue (tip or blade) touching upper teeth and protruding slightly through the upper and lower incisors

• /θ/, /ð/

alveolar

• tongue (tip or blade) on or near the upper alveolar ridge

• /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/

post-alveolar

• tongue blade behind the alveolar ridge, near the front of the hard palate

• /ʃ/ (sh) and /ʒ/ (zh)

alveopalatal

• beginning with the tongue (tip or blade) at the alveolar ridge, ending with the tongue front near the hard palate

• /t͡ʃ/ (ch) and /d͡ʒ/ (j)

palatal

• front of the tongue near the hard palate

• /j/ (y) and /ɹ/ (r)

velar

• back of the tongue near the soft palate

• /k/, /g/, /ŋ/

glottal

• vocal folds involved

• /h/

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

sonorants

• open vocal tract

• unobstructed airflow

• all vowels; some consonants

• nasals, glides, liquids

obstruents

• obstructed airflow through vocal tract

• completely or partially impeded airflow

• some consonants; no vowels

• stops, fricatives, affricates

stops

• produced by two articulators temporarily stopping airflow while velum is raised, resulting in a sudden release of air that travels through the mouth

• voiceless: aspiration

• voiced: no aspiration

• /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/

nasals

• produced by two articulators temporarily stopping airflow while velum is lowered, resulting in a sudden release of air that travels through the nose

• /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

glides

• produced with minimal friction by the smooth movement of the articulators

• /w/, /j/ (y)

fricatives

• produced by the partial obstruction of airflow by two articulators closely approximating one another to create turbulence

• /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/

affricates

• produced as a combination of a stop + fricative

• /t͡ʃ/ (ch) and /d͡ʒ/ (j)

liquids

• produced with minimal friction and allows airflow over the sides of the tongue

• /l/, /ɹ/ (r)

alveolar tap flap

• quick ‘d’ sound

• between vowels where second syllable is unstressed (butter)

• /r/

ed sound

/t/ or /d/

/t/ = voiceless + voiceless

/d/ = voiced + voiced

glottal stop

• casual speech

• break/stop

• button, mountain

• /?/

the t sound

• true /t/

• aspirated [t]

• alveolar tap/flap

• unreleased /t/

• intrusive /t/

light vs dark l sound

light: prevocalic (leaf)

dark: postvocalic (pull)

listener-oriented approach

transcribing the words the speaker produced (focusing on meaning)

speaker-oriented approach

how sounds were articulated

systemic transcription

phonemes (mental representation)

impressionistic transcription

actual speech (articulation)

segmental

consonants, vowels

suprasegmental

pitch, stress, loudness, rate of speech

monophthongs

steady-state, single articulatory movement

diphthongs

dynamic, multiple movements during production

rhotics

vowels with r-coloring (rhotic diphthongs or tripthongs)

tongue height

• how near the tongue body is to the roof of the mouth

• high, mid, low

• vertical axis

tongue advancement

• tongue forward to back in oral cavity

• front, central, back

• horizontal x-axis

rounding

• rounded vs unrounded

tenseness

• tense vs lax

front vowels

• /i/ as in beet

• /ɪ/ as in ship

• /eɪ/ as in rain

• /ɛ/ as in bed

• /æ/ as in cat

central vowels

• /ə/ as in alive (unstressed)

• /ʌ/ as in up (stressed)

• /ɚ/ as in mother (unstressed)

• /ɝ/ as in bird (stressed)

back vowels

/u/ as in boot

/ʊ/ as in book

/o/ as in boat

/ɔ/ as in bought

/a/ as in hot

diphthongs

• /aɪ/ as in ice

• /aʊ/ as in count

• /ɔɪ/ as in toy

• /eɪ/ as in wait

• /oʊ/ as in soap

rhotics

• /ɪɚ/ as in fear

• /ɛɚ/ as in fair

• /ʊɚ/ as in cure

• /ɔɚ/ as in four

• /ɑɚ/ as in far

• /aɪɚ/ as in fire

• /aʊɚ/as in hour

double long diacritic (ː)

open syllable (see)

half-long diacritic (ˑ)

closed syllable w/voiced consonant (seed)

short diacritic (◌̄)

closed syllable w/voiceless consonant (seat)

voiceless vowels

• in between two voiceless stops/consonants

• vowel reduction to a schwa

• ex. first o in potato is voiceless

vowel nasalization

• all vowels are nasalized in syllables closed by a nasal consonant

• (~) on vowel before nasalized consonant

• closed by [m/, /n/, /ŋ/]

vowel retraction

• light vs dark /l/

• closed syllable ending with /l/

• occurs before velarized /ɫ/

• ex. all = [aɫ] (a is retracted)