Human Growth and Development Exam 4 -- Adult and Late Adulthood

life expectancy

the number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live

genetics

life expectancy factor: genetic issues/diseases

sociocultural

life expectancy factor: diet, lifestyle, activity

economic

life expectancy factor: money and resources

disease

life expectancy factor: Ebola, Covid, if vaccines are available

healthcare

life expectancy factor: accessibility - available or not and affordability

sex

attributes of life expectancy that females generally live longer

age

attributes of life expectancy: how recently an individual is born/in what era of life

race

attributes of life expectancy: genetically, in US Asians live longest, African Americans the shortest (diabetes, sickle cell)

height and weight

attributes of life expectancy: both used indirectly, information allows calculation of BMI

education

attributes of life expectancy: higher ed -> longer lifespan

marital status

attributes of life expectancy: longer life in married people

social support theory

Stress occurs when there is not enough social support available to respond to the event effectively

150 minutes

how much moderate exercise is an adult supposed to achieve in a week

75 minutes

how much vigorous exercise is an adult supposed to achieve in a week

50-75%

what percentage of your estimated max heart rate constitutes moderate exercise

75-85%

what percentage of your estimated max heart rate constitutes intensive exercise

alcohol consumption

attributes of life expectancy: advised keeping to a minimum to prologue lifespan

smoking

attributes of life expectancy: expectancy shortens greatly when you do this

diabetes

attributes of life expectancy: heart disease, organ damage, decreased rate of wound healing

income

attributes of life expectancy: positive correlation with life expectancy, pertaining to wealth

chronological age

age from birth

biological age

defined by biomarkers, the function of your body; such as grip strength, muscle mobility, vital functions

primary aging

universal changes that occur with the time (hearing and vision get worse, we wrinkle as we age)

secondary aging

specific physical illnesses or conditions that becomes more common with aging but are caused by health habits and other influences that vary from person to person (diagnosis)

Hayflick limit

number of times a cell is capable of dividing due to the telomeres decreasing with each division

cross-linking

bindings or tangles of proteins coming from random interaction between proteins or the binding together by sugar

increases

increased sugar ___________ the likelihood for proteins to bind

cell can’t divide properly (DNA) and limits elasticity

what is a potential result of binding of proteins

limits elasticity, especially in tendons and muscles

what is a potential result of tangles within proteins

free radical

natural byproduct of energy metabolism; unstable due to unpaired electron, absorb electrons and damage other cells

UV rays from sunlight, tobacco smoke, air pollution, stress, or poor nutrition

how do free radicals typically appear in the body

antioxidants

what combats free radicals by having spare electrons for the free radical to bind to?

69.1 in

what is the average height for males

63.5 in

what is the average height for females

20-29

what age range do women normally achieve peak height

30-39

what age range do men normally achieve peak height

2 in

how many inches do men tend to loose as they age

3 in

how many inches do women tend to loose as they age

lose of bone density, dehydration of discs in the spine, change of posture (thoracic kyphosis, foot flat, flexion contracture)

what are the typical reasons why, as we age, we tend to become shorter

middle adulthood

when is weight at its peak within a person’s lifetime

loss of muscle mass, bone density, and eventually fat

why does an individual’s weight tend to decline with age in late adulthood

28.4

what is the average BMI for men in the united states

28.1

what is the average BMI for women in the united states

220-age

what is the expression for age predicted maximum heart rate

SV x HR

what is the expression for cardiac output

lower

adults reach peak cardiac output at ___________ activity levels

true

t/f: resting heart rate does not change significantly with age

18.5-24.9

what is defined as a healthy BMI

25-29.9

what is defined as an overweight BMI

30-39.9

what is defined as an obese BMI

more than 40

what is defined as an extremely obese BMI

increased risk of type II diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, increased mortality rate

what are the typical consequences of obesity

25

at what BMI is the relative risk of mortality the lowest

increases

blood pressure ____________ with age, mainly with systolic

decreased elasticity in vessels

what is the main cause of why BP increases with age

CO x systemic vascular resistance

what is the equation for blood pressure

heart disease and stroke

what does hypertension increase the risk of

exercise, lose weight, avoid salt, medication

what can a person do to help prevent or lower their BP

turning their head

how do older adults compensate for a loss of peripheral vision, especially when driving

blue

what color appears faded first in late adulthood

contrast sensitivity

in late adulthood, there is decreased ____________ ____________ causing impaired depth perception, often making it difficult to drive at night or with fog

pupil size

this is reduced in late adulthood, causing difficulty reading and an inability to see as well in the dark

weak eye muscles

in late adulthood, people are less responsive to changes in lighting because they have ________ _______ _________

presbyopia

hardening of lens, can't see objects close up

cataracts

cloudiness of lens, blurry vision

macular degeneration

deteriorate photoreceptors in center retina

glaucoma

increased pressure, decreases peripheral vision and if left untreated can cause permanent blindness

39%

over the age of 65, what is the percentage of individuals that have hearing difficulties

men

who has greater hearing difficulty, men or women

presbycusis

age related hearing loss that is signified by loosing the high frequencies before the low

read lips

since older adults develop poor speech perception, how do they compensate

5-7 hours

how long do older adults sleep

disrupted circadian rhythm so takes longer to get to sleep, less deep sleep, more time awake

what typically causes older adults to have less sleep

insomnia

dissatisfaction with sleep

depression and decreased quality of life

what does the later adult’s issues with sleep tend to cause

decreased taste and smell, decreased metabolism to affect digestion/absorption, calorie restriction

how is the older adults nutrition impacted

25

over the age of 65, only _____% have all natural teeth

40%

how much muscle mass is lost by 80 years old starting at 50 years old

decrease in size, fewer type II fibers, increased fat infiltration

what are the results of decreased muscle mass

30%

what percentage of muscle force production is lost between 60-90 years old

sarcopenia

the loss of muscle mass from age; men are more affected

osteopenia

thinner than average bone density

musculoskeletal

the growth of this system is related to demands

osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

modifiable

the musculoskeletal system is _____________ throughout life

25-30%

by 70 years old, how much flexibility has been lost

sexual-reproductive

what system is not modifiable

breast cancer risks

what does physical activity reduce despite weight

twice a week

how often should older adults strength train

cells and dendrites

what is there always new of in the brain

50%

what is the rate of infertility of couples in their 40s

neuron atrophy

Loss of neuron structure in aging.

motor and sensory

what neurons atrophy first

cognitive and vital functions

what neurons atrophy second

blood flow

what is there a decrease of to the brain

tangles

twisted fibers in the neuron

plaques

cluster of protein surrounding neurons

reaction time

the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus

drug abuse, poor circulation, viruses, or genes

a decrease in brain size in older adults is typical but what is severe brain loss before the age of 65 usually related to