ChemicalReactions/Stoichiometry

chemical equation

symbolically represents a chemical reaction

molecular vs net ionic equation

molecular equations have all compounds and elements in the reaction displayed

net ionic only has the substances in the chemical equation that has changed forms from before reaction to after reaction

synthesis reaction

two or more reactants form a singular product

combustion reaction

a combustion reaction in general is the reaction of O2 + any compound.

However, when dealing with the combustion of hydrocarbons or carbohydrates. They typically form the products of CO2 and H20.

decomposition reaction

a singular reaction that forms several products

single displacement reaction

when a pure element switches place with an element in a compound. A + BC becomes AC + B

double displacement reaction

the cations of the two compounds switch place.

AB + CD, where A and C are cations, switch place to form BC + AD.

Precipitate Reaction

A precipitate reaction is a double displacement reaction.

The products that are formed in this reaction can either be soluble or not. If the product is soluble, then it does not form a precipitate. If it is not soluble, then it does form a precipitate.

Electrolytes vs nonelectrolytes

the entire topic is whether substances that are dissolved in aqueous solutions conduct electricity.

• both are dissolvable in water, but one breaks down into ions while the other doesnt.

Electrolytes are substances that fully break down into ions in water.

• acids

• bases

• soluble ionic salts

Nonelectrolytes

• alcohols, sugars, insoluble ionic substances, nonpolar molecular compounds

• alcohols and sugars dissolve in water, but only on a molecular level.

Strong vs weak electrolytes

Strong Electrolytes: strong acids, strong bases, and completely soluble ionic salts

• this essentially means substances that 100% break down into ions, and completely conduct electricity

Weak Electrolytes: weak acids, weak bases, and others

• only somewhat break down into ions, not 100%, so weaker conduction of electricity

Dissociation vs Ionization

dissociation refers to the process when compounds break apart their ionic bonds that hold the cations and anions together

ionization refers to compounds that are held by molecular bonds break apart when dissolving in water.

polyprotic acids

when dissolved in aqueous solution, the compound ionizes into H+ and HSO4 for example. the substance only releases one hydrogen.

acids and bases

6 strong acids

• HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HClO4, HNO3

6 strong bases

• LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

weak bases are amines or ammonia

weak acids is anything that isnt strong acids

strong acid + strong base

double displacement reaction where the OH and H from the acid and base forms H20 and another product.

• for the net ionic reaction, the strong acid and base fully break down

weak acid + strong base

still double displacement, where H20 and product, but only the base breaks down, unless Ca(OH)2, which does not.

weak base + strong acid

not a fully double displacement reaction, essentially a single displacement reaction

• base steal a hydrogen from the acid, giving a positive charge too.

redox reaction

the exchange of electrons and the changes in charges in the product and reactants of species.

• the species that loses electrons and becomes more position undergoes oxidation.

• this species also gives away this electron to a species that gains the electron, meaning it undergoes a reduction. that would qualify them as a reducing agent.

• the species that gains the electron is undergoing a reduction, and is the oxidizing agent

disproportionation reaction

a redox reaction where one element undergoes both an oxidation and reduction. the product of that element undergoes an oxidation so it loses an electron. and the element on the product side also gains an electron and undergoes a reduction.

redox rxns in acidic vs basic conditions

in acidic: to balance the redox reaction, allowed to add electrons, H+ and H20.

in basic: to balance the redox reaction, allowed to add electrons, H+ H2O and OH-

Stoichiometry

the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a balanced equation. there is always a constant ratio that exists in a chemical reaction of reactant + reactant or reactant to product.

limiting reactant

the reactant that gets used up first and completely before the other reactants.

for instance, if 2 butter + 3 cookies to form a 1 bread. if you have 2 butter and 7 cookies, that means with the two butters, you can form 1 bread, but with the cookies, you are capable of forming 2 breads.

theoretical yield

the amount of product that is expected to form as per calculations done.

actual yield

the amount of product that is actually obtained experimentally

percentage yield

to describe the relationship between the actual and the theoretical

percentage yield = actual/theoretical x 100.

combustion analysis

when a carbohydrate or a hydrocarbon reacts with O2, you form CO2 and H2O automatically. all of the carbon from the reactant side is in the carbon dioxide, and all of the hydrogen is in the H2O molecule

• if you have the initial mass of the compound, and the carbon and hydrogen, then you can find the amount of oxygen.

titration

a technique to figure out the concentration of a solution using the concentration of a known solution.

• its about chemical reaction between the two solutions, specifically the solutes. when the solutes match each other in the chemical reaction, then thats when you figure out the concentration of the solution.

• color change indicates the unknown solution has fully reacted