Karen Horney - Chapter 4

Karen Horney was one of the first women trained in WHAT and the first to challenge Freud’s views on WHAT

Karen Horney was one of the first women trained in PSYCHOANALYSIS and the first to challenge Freud’s views on WOMEN

Karen Horney’s core revision: Shift away from Freud’s WHAT model towards where WHAT is at least as important as WHAT

Karen Horney’s core revision: Shift away from Freud’s BIOLOGICAL/MEDICAL model towards where CULTURE is at least as important as BIOLOGY

She challenged Freud’s claim that anxiety follows WHAT, proposing instead that anxiety stems from basic need for WHAT shaped by WHAT conditions

She challenged Freud’s claim that anxiety follows BIOLOGICAL IMPULSES, proposing instead that anxiety stems from basic need for SURVIVAL shaped by CULTURAL conditions

She encouraged WHAT research and had a personal interest in WHAT - unusually expansive for her era

She encouraged CROSS-CULTURAL research and had a personal interest in ZEN BUDDHISM - unusually expansive for her era

Horney argued that psychoanalysis itself was built on a WHAT baked into its core concepts

Horney argued that psychoanalysis itself was built on a MALE BIAS baked into its core concepts

The very name “WHAT” implies that only someone with a phallus can achieve healthy WHAT development

The very name “PHALLIC STAGE” implies that only someone with a phallus can achieve healthy PERSONALITY development

Girls are repeatedly made to feel WHAT to boys, feminine values are treated as WHAT to masculine ones

Girls are repeatedly made to feel INFERIOR to boys, feminine values are treated as INFERIOR to masculine ones

Horney argued that some women may develop a “WHAT” - feelings of WHAT against men and rejection of their own WHAT traits

Horney argued that some women may develop a “MASCULINITY COMPLEX” - feelings of REVENGE against men and rejection of their own FEMININE traits

Her conclusion: Women’s higher rates of anxiety are not due to inherent WHAT but to the difficulty of WHAT within a patriarchal society

Her conclusion: Women’s higher rates of anxiety are not due to inherent INFERIORITY but to the difficulty of SELF-FULFILLMENT within a patriarchal society

Freud proposed ‘penis envy’

Girls develop psychologically in response to envying male anatomy

Horney turned this around: she observed that many boys express intense envy of WHAT and WHAT- called WHAT

Horney turned this around: she observed that many boys express intense envy of PREGNANCY and MOTHERHOOD - called WOMB ENVY

Her argument: Men’s apparent need to depreciate women reflects an unconscious feeling of WHAT about their limited role in WHAT and WHAT

Her argument: Men’s apparent need to depreciate women reflects an unconscious feeling of INFERIORITY about their limited role in CHILDBIRTH and CHILD-REARING

She suggested male WHAT and WHAT may function as overcompensation for this limited reproductive role

She suggested male AMBITION and CREATIVE DRIVE may function as overcompensation for this limited reproductive role

Horney observed many of her patients had an obsession with having a WHAT with a man — to the point all else seemed unimportant

Horney observed many of her patients had an obsession with having a RELATIONSHIP with a man — to the point all else seemed unimportant

She insisted this was not an WHAT female trait, but a product of WHAT and WHAT

She insisted this was not an INHERENT female trait, but a product of TRADITION and PATRIARCHAL CULTURE

Society demeans women, producing low WHAT only resolvable (in that cultural logic) by becoming a WHAT and WHAT

Society demeans women, producing low SELF-ESTEEM only resolvable (in that cultural logic) by becoming a WIFE and MOTHER

This creates intense WHAT between women competing for relationships, and devastating WHAT when relationships fail

This creates intense RIVALRY between women competing for relationships, and devastating SELF-BLAME when relationships fail

What are the two types of relationships

• WHAT

• WHAT

What are the two types of relationships

• Exchange relationship

• Communal relationship

Exchange relationship

• Based on the expectation of some WHAT

• More common in WHAT, WHAT Western contexts

• Horney argued Western culture favours 'moving WHAT' and 'moving WHAT' others as defences against basic WHAT

Exchange relationship

• Based on the expectation of some RETURN ON ONE’S INVESTMENT

• More common in COMPETITIVE, INDIVIDUALISTIC Western contexts

• Horney argued Western culture favours 'moving AGAINST' and 'moving AWAY FROM' others as defences against basic AXIETY

Communal relationships

• One person feels responsible for the WHAT of others, without expectation of direct return

• More common in many WHAT and WHAT cultural contexts

• provides deep WHAT and WHAT

Communal relationships

• One person feels responsible for the WELL-BEING of others, without expectation of direct return

• More common in many AFRICAN and EASTERN cultural contexts

• provides deep EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT and MUTUAL INVOLVEMENT