LALOVE 3RD YEAR SHESH

is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.

Cognitive Psychology

A studies how people perceive various shapes, why they remember some facts but forget others, or how they learn language.

Cognitive Psychologist

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.

Rationalism

is a philosophical belief that states one’s knowledge of the world is based on his sensory experiences “knowledge is no possible without experience”

Empiricism

He believed that knowledge comes primarily from reason and innate ideas, not from sensory experience

Plato

Plato’s rationalism suggests that cognition is rooted in _________ and _________, shaping the foundation of cognitive theories that emphasize mental representations, logic, and the structure of thought.

internal reasoning and innate knowledge

"Cogito, ergo sum"?

("I think, therefore I am")

He emphasized that thinking is the most certain proof of existence.

This highlighted internal mental Observations of the external world are the activity as the core of human identity—placing cognition (thinking, reasoning, doubting) at the center of psychology.

Descartes

He believed that true knowledge comes from reason, not the senses, which can deceive us.

Descartes

Descartes proposed that the mind and body are __________?

distinct (dualism)

A reality lies only in the concrete world pf objects that our bodies sense.

Nature of Reality

Humans are born without knowledge and with no innate ideas and therefore learning is continuous++

“Tabula Rasa”

Structuralism, led by_________ aimed to break down mental processes into basic components, exploring the elemental structure of consciousness.

Wilhelm Wundt,

Functionalism, led by __________, shifted the focus to the adaptive functions of mental processes, considering how they contribute to an organism ' s survival and adaptation.

William James

She Focus on Children ' s Cognitive Growth:

JEAN PIAGET

Behaviorism, led by psychologists like -______ and ______, was the prevailing paradigm in psychology during the early 20th century.

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

A psychological approach that focuses on the study of observable behavior, rejecting unobservable mental processes.

Behaviorism

What was the dominant psychological paradigm in the early 20th century?

Behaviorism

Why did Behaviorists reject studying the mind?

They believed mental processes were unobservable and therefore unscientific.

is an approach that views the human mind and behavior as a whole, emphasizing that we perceive objects as part of more complex systems, rather than focusing on individual components.

Gestalt psychology

who emphasized the importance of studying mental processes, perception, and the organization of experience.

Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler,

What is a key concept in Gestalt psychology?

One key concept is "The Whole is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts," meaning that our perception of an object or experience is not just the sum of its individual elements but is shaped by the organization and context.

“_________” is the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think. It rejects the notion that psychologist should avoid studying mental processes because they are unobservable

Cognitivism

Involves manipulating one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable, with the aim of establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Involves systematic observation and recording of behavior in naturalistic or controlled settings without experimental manipulation.

OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH

Examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulation. Correlation =/ Causation

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or phenomenon.

CASE STUDIES

Involves collecting self-report data through structured questions

SURVEY AND QUESTIONNAIRES

Observes and collects data from the same participants over an extended period

LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

Methods like fMRI, EEG, and PET scan brain activity to understand neural correlates of cognitive processes.

NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES

is a field that explores the intricate relationship between the brain and cognitive functions. It seeks to understand how neural structures and processes give rise to thoughts, behaviors, and mental experiences.

Cognitive Neuroscience

The central organ of the nervous system responsible for controlling all mental processes, emotions, sensory experiences, movement, and behavior.

BRAIN

Brain is the central organ of the nervous system responsible for controlling all mental processes, emotions, sensory experiences, movement, and behavior. It enables _______, ________, ______, and ________

It enables thinking, learning, memory, and decision-making

The outermost layer of the brain, responsible for higher-level mental functions

CEREBRAL CORTEX

The outermost layer of the brain, responsible for higher-level mental functions such as _____, ______, _____, ______, and ______ _____

such as thinking, perception, language, memory, and decision making

Front part of the cerebral cortex (behind the forehead)

FRONTAL LOBE

WHAT ARAE THE FUNCTIONS OF FRONTAL LOBE?

FUNCTIONS:

• Decision-making, problemsolving

• Conscious thought

• Attention

• Emotional and behavioral control

• Speech production

• Personality

• Intelligence

• Body movement

Very front portion of the frontal lobe

FUNCTIONS:

• Goal setting and impulse contro

l • Logical thinking and social behavior

• Emotional regulation

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

Located at the back of your brain

OCCIPITAL LOBE

OCCIPITAL LOBE FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS:

• Visual processing interpretation. and

• Visual data collection regarding

• Nonverbal interpretation color, motion and orientation

• Object and facial recognition

• Depth and distance perception

• Visual world mapping.

Located between your frontal and occipital lobes

PARIETAL LOBE

FUMCTIONS OF PARIETAL LOBE

FUNCTIONS:

• Sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, position, vibration, temperature) processing.

• Spatial processing and spatial manipulation. This is the ability to understand where you are in three dimensional space, such as how to navigate around your home or town.

Located below your parietal lobe

TEMPORAL LOBE

FUNCTIONS OF TEMPORAL LOBE

FUNCTIONS:

• Language comprehension, speech formation, learning

. • Memory.

• Hearing

• Nonverbal interpretation

• Sound-to-visual image conversion.

Located deep within the temporal lobe (medial temporal lobe)

HIPPOCAMPUS

FUNCTION OF HIPPOCAMPUS

FUNCTIONS:

• Formation and consolidation of new longterm memories

• Spatial memory and navigation

• Important for learning and episodic memory

Located close to the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe

AMYGDALA

FUNCTIONS OF AMYGDALA

• Emotion processing (especially fear and threat detection)

• Strengthening memories emotional

• Modulation of attention during emotional events

located in the deep center of the brain, a top the brainstem.

THALAMUS

FUNCTIONS OF THALAMUS

• Relays sensory information (except smell) to the cerebral cortex

• Regulates attention and alertness

• Filters incoming stimuli for cognitive processing

Located beneath the cerebral cortex, surrounding the thalamus

BASAL GANGLIA

FUNCTIONS OF BASAL GANGLIA

• Procedural memory and motor learning

• Habit formation

• Response selection and initiation of actions

Located at the lower back part of the brain, under the occipital lobe

CEREBELLUM

FUNCTIONS OF CEREBELLUM

FUNCTIONS:

• Coordination of movement and balance

• Timing and sequencing in both motor and cognitive tasks

• implicit learning and rhythm processing

Viewing the structures and functions of the brain is a crucial endeavor in neuroscience, enabling researchers and clinicians to unravel the intricacies of neural anatomy and activity

BRAINVIEWING

allow researchers to get a look at the brain without having to do anything invasive to the patient, like surgery

STRUCTURAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Utilizes strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed, high resolution images of brain structures

Particularly adept at visualizing soft tissues, it allows for the examination of brain anatomy, detecting abnormalities, and providing detailed three dimensional representations

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Involves X-ray technology to create cross sectional images of the brain

______ are valuable for detecting structural abnormalities, such as tumors, hemorrhages, or lesions. However, they offer lower resolution compared to MRI.

COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY

Maps human cognition and behavior with regional neural activity, using noninvasive radiological techniques

FUNCTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Measures changes in blood flow and oxygenation to infer neural activity in different brain regions.

Used to study brain function during tasks, looking into the activation patterns associated with cognitive processes like perception, memory, and decision making.

FUNCTIONAL MRI

Involves injecting a radioactive tracer to visualize brain activity

Studies metabolic processes and neurotransmitter activity. Used in research on conditions like Alzheimer ' s disease and in mapping regions involved in specific cognitive tasks.

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

Records electrical activity generated by neurons through electrodes placed on the scalp.

Captures real-time brain activity, and provides insights into neural oscillations, event-related potentials, and patterns associated with different cognitive states.

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY

Measures the magnetic fields produced by neuronal activity MEG complements EEG, offering superior spatial resolution and capturing more locaized neural activity. It is particularly useful for studying the timing of cognitive processes

MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY

Invasive techniques involve physically removing and staining brain tissue to count neurons, or allow for the examination of brain structure and function

INVASIVE IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Involves placing electrodes directly on the brain surface or within specific structures.

Used in clinical settings to precisely identify epileptic seizure origins. Provides detailed information about neural activity with high spatial resolution

Intracranial Electrodes

Involves inserting tiny electrodes into individual neurons

Commonly used in animal research, microelectrode recordings offer detailed insights into the firing patterns of single neurons, aiding the understanding of cellular mechanisms

These imaging techniques are indispensable in clinical settings for diagnosing and monitoring various neurological and psychiatric conditions. They aid in the identification of structural abnormalities, tracking disease progression, and planning surgical interventions

Microelectrode Recordings

is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities. Cognitive symptoms may include difficulty concentrating and making decisions.

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

involves excessive worry and anxiety about various aspects of life, often without a specific trigger. Cognitive symptoms may include restlessness, difficulty controlling worry, and a pervasive sense of unease

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

is a severe mental disorder marked by distorted thinking, hallucinations, delusions, and impaired emotional regulation. Cognitive symptoms often involve disruptions in attention, functions.

Schizophrenia

is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and changes in behavior. It is the most common cause of dementia

Alzheimers disease

is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Cognitive symptoms include difficulty sustaining attention and organizing tasks.

ADHD

occurs in individuals who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, leading to intrusive memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of reminders

PTSD

WHAT ARE THE VISUAL PERCEPTION

• BOTTOM UO PROCESSING

• TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

• GESGTALT PRINCIPLE

• PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES

• SELECTIVE ATTENTION

refers to the analysis of sensory information from the environment, starting with basic features such as color, shape, and movement. These features are then integrated to form a complete perceptual experience.

Bottom-up processing

involves using prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret and organize incoming sensory information. Higher-level cognitive processes influence the perception of stimuli.

This process is very concept-driven—we already have a mental idea of what we’ re about to see, hear, or feel, and that affects how we interpret sensory input.

Top-down processing

emphasizes the organization of stimuli into meaningful wholes. Key principles include proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and figure ground relationship.

Gestalt psychology

We separate an object (figure) from its background (ground)

FIGURE GROUND

Things that look alike are grouped together.

SIMILARITY

Objects that are close together are seen as belonging together.

PROXIMITY

We prefer smooth, continuous patterns rather than abrupt changes

CONTINUITY

We fill in missing parts of an incomplete image to see a whole.

CLOSURE

Things that move together are seen as part of the same group

COMMON FATE

We tend to perceive symmetrical images as part of the same group.

SYMMETRY

are mechanisms that allow us to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite variations in sensory input. This includes size constancy, shape constancy, and color constancy.

Perceptual constancies

allows us to perceive the size of an object as relatively constant, regardless of its distance from the observer.

Size constancy

y enables us to recognize the shape of an object consistently, even when viewed from different angles.

enables us to recognize the shape of an object consistently, even when viewed from different angles.

Shape constancy

ensures that we perceive the color of an object consistently under different lighting conditions.

Color constancy

involves recognizing an object as the same entity despite changes in viewing conditions

Object constancy

ensures that we perceive the relative lightness of objects consistently, even under different conditions

Weight constancy

involves focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others. It determines which aspects of the visual scene are processed more thoroughly Concentrating on a painting in a crowded room and tuning out background noise

Selective attention

Emphasizes the relationship between organisms and their environment. It views perception as a direct and active engagement with the environment.

ECOLOGICAL APPROACH

Views perception as a problem-solving process where the brain computes the most likely interpretation of sensory input based on prior knowledge and probable reasoning

COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH

Investigates the neural mechanisms underlying visual perception. It explores how different brain regions and pathways contribute to the processing of visual information.

NEUROSCIENTIFIC APPROACH

The cognitive-evolutionary approach considers how the human capacity for visual perception has evolved over time. It explores the adaptive functions of visual processing.

COGNI-EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH

Studies how visual perception develops over the lifespan, particularly in infancy and childhood. It explores the emergence of perceptual abilities and the impact of experience on perception.

DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH

THIS approach examines how brain damage or disorders affect visual perception. It investigates how deficits in specific brain areas impact perceptual processes.

The cognitive neuropsychology

happen when the brain cannot correctly process sensory information, even if the sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.) are working normally.

These deficits are neurological, often caused by Brain injury (stroke, trauma, tumors), Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer ' s, Parkinson ’s), Developmental conditions (e.g., autism, learning disorders), Localized brain damage in specific sensory association areas

Perceptual deficits

Inability to recognize objects visually, even though vision is intact. The brain fails to connect visual perception with stored knowledge of what objects are

VISUAL AGNOSIA

Inability to recognize faces (even familiar ones). The brain processes facial features but can ’t integrate them into a recognizable whole.

PROSOPAGNOSIA

Inability to recognize or differentiate sounds, despite normal hearing. The sound is received but cannot be interpreted meaningfully.

AUDITORY AGNOSIA