US HISTORY EOC

the belief (theory) that it was the right of the United States to occupy all of America from Sea to Shining Sea!

Manifest Destiny

The Census of 1890 announced the official end of the American Frontier (Frederick Jackson Turner)

Turner's Frontier Thesis

this war between the states (CSA v. USA) promoted the growth of industrialism in the late 1800s (steel, railroads, communication, weapons, mass production of pre-made goods)

The Civil War

railroad baron, a true symbol of the "Gilded Age," known as the Commodore. A college in Tennessee bears his name.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

owned U.S. Steel and used Vertical integration to monopolize the steel industry. Gave millions to build libraries and schools.

Andrew Carnegie

developed the air-braking system and alternating current - this allowed power to be sent over long distances.

George Westinghouse

the sleeping car made him a very wealthy man. 1894 Strike resulted in the death of 34 people.

George Pullman

he invented the telephone and was a pioneer in communication not only for the hearing, but for the deaf and hearing impaired as well.

Alexander Graham Bell

the light bulb is his most famous invention, he also invented the phonograph, and the first motion pictures.

Thomas Edison

owner of Standard Oil, he used Horizontal Integration to control the oil business

John D. Rockefeller

developed the food processing industry (meat packing)

Gustavus Swift and Philip Armour

the belief that the strongest societies will survive. This idea was also used to justify monopolies and trusts. If a business is meant to survive - it will. Laissez - Faire: government should keep out of business limit regulations.

social darwinism-survival of the fittest

distillers conspired with political parties to cheat the U.S. Govt. out of millions of dollars of tax revenue. Citizens would demand reform within the government. Money was going to political parties instead of where it should go.

Whiskey Ring

political machine that controlled politics in NYC in the late 1800s. Controlled by Boss William Marcy Tweed who was exposed by the political cartoons of Thomas Nast in Harpers Weekly. Nast is the father of the symbols of political parties, the modern image of Santa Claus.

Tammany Hall

he invented barbed wire and brought an end to the open range.

Joseph Glidden

he invented the typewriter.

Christopher Sholes

he made milk chocolate available to the world. A Pennsylvania city bears his name.

Milton Hershey

he invented the telegraph.

Samuel F.B. Morse

he was a wealthy banker - purchased Carnegie Steel and created U.S. Steel.

J.P. Morgan

attempt to stop patronage and political scandal, required government employees to pass a Civil Service Exam

Pendleton Civil Service Act

the first government attempt to regulate business. (1887) required railroads to charge fair rates and to publish those shipping rates.

Interstate Commerce Act

political movement for the common people. The government should own the railroads. Bimetallism, workers should have an 8 hour workday and better benefits. William Jennings Bryan - Cross of Gold Speech

Populism

phrase coined by Mark Twain, describes time period between 1865-1900, extravagant wealth (top 5% held 86% of the nations wealth) terrible poverty existed underneath the surface.

Gilded Age

an attempt by the US Government to Americanize the Native Americans. Divided reservations into small family sized plots of land.

Dawes Act

people came to America to escape harsh conditions in their own countries. (Gold Rush, Religious Freedom, Jobs, Land)

Immigration

protestants, lighter skin, lighter hair, lighter eyes, came to America from Western Europe - (Great Britain, Germany) in search of religious freedom.

Old Immigrants

immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, they did not speak English - primarily Catholic. Came for opportunity - jobs, land.

New Immigrants

feelings of hostility for immigrants. It favored people or products that were American.

Nativism

created the Hull House to help the inner-city poor. Provided health care, and education to those in need.

Jane Addams

photographer who showed the harsh conditions in America's big cities during the Gilded Age. Published a book titled How the Other Half Lives.

Jacob Riis

We should spread the American culture to the less fortunate. It would provide more jobs, supply raw materials, and provide much needed navy bases. It would also open up new markets for businesses - a strong sense of nationalism.

Imperialism (Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines)

(1898) Explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, Battle of San Juan Hill - Teddy Roosevelt, the Philippines, Cuba, Yellow Fever, US support of Imperialism.

Spanish American War

(18th Amendment) illegal to manufacture, distribute, or possess any type of alcoholic beverage (distilled spirits). The Noble Experiment. Opened the door for organized crime (Al Capone), bootleggers and smuggling.

Prohibition (18th Amendment)

President Teddy Roosevelt helped Panama gain independence from Columbia (created a revolution). The United States completed the job that France was unable to finish. This feat greatly increased the power of the Navy by linking the Atlantic and the Pacific. The distance of travel (New York to San Francisco) was shortened by several thousand miles. The United States would now control shipping in the Western Hemisphere.

Panama Canal

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer published sensational stories and used this form of journalism to promote the Spanish-American War.

Yellow Journalism

idea that the United States should get involved in world affairs

Interventionist

idea that the United States should avoid involvement in world affairs. The quote from George Washington inspired this belief, "avoid foreign entanglements.

Isolationist

(19th Amendment) Women gained the right to vote with the passage in 1920. The Perfect 36, at the time of passage, the number of states was 48. 3/4ths of the states had to pass a proposed amendment before it would be added to the Constitution. Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment.

Suffrage Movement

He was the youngest member of the Tennessee legislature from McMinn County. Carrie Chapman Catt visited his mother, who convinced him to vote in favor of the amendment. Harry Burn cast the tie breaking vote and women across America earned the right to vote. "Don't forget to be a good boy and Help Mrs. Catt with her rats!"

Harry T. Burn

Tennessee (The Perfect 36)
(Ratification of the 19th Amendment) (Women's Suffrage)

she was the National director of the Women's Suffrage Movement. She lobbied for the passage of the 19th Amendment from Tennessee.

Anne Dallas Dudley

he was the 34th governor of Tennessee - He was governor when the 19th Amendment was ratified. (Perfect 36) He called for a special session of the

...

phrase coined by Teddy Roosevelt. Reporters who discovered corruption within industry and government organizations. Laws were created and changed because of their work.

Muckrakers

reporter who exposed illegal actions committed by the Standard Oil Company.

Ida Tarbell

vegetarian activist who exposed the horrific conditions in the meat packing plants of Chicago. His book, The Jungle, aimed to hit America in the heart, but hit in the stomach instead. This book led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and brought awareness to unsafe practices.

Upton Sinclair

Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Anarchy, Leadership. (Causes of...)

Causes of the Great War (ANIMAL)

pilot who was the first to fly solo nonstop from NYC to Paris. His plane, the Spirit of St. Louis, now resides in the Smithsonian institute. The flight took 33 and 1⁄2 hours! He became a folk hero to America.

Charles Lindbergh

this became a centerpiece of the home in the 1920s. Shows like The Lone Ranger, The Shadow, Little Orphan Annie aired on this device. President FDR used this as a means of communicating with the American public in what became known as fireside chats.

television

overspeculation in the stock market, crop failures, drought, too much credit - buying on time, unemployment, bank failures, tariff barriers, uneven distribution of wealth - middle class very small

Causes / Reasons for the Great Depression

shantytowns made from scrap material, wood, metal, etc. Homeless people lived in these during the depression.

Hoovervilles

pockets turned inside out to protest the poor economy.

Hoover Flags

newspapers used to cover up with due to the poor economy.

Hoover Blankets

veterans of the Great War (WW I) who marched on Washington D.C. to demand the bonus promised to them in 1945. In 1932 US troops attacked this group and drove them out of the capital.

The Bonus Army

many people traveled this famous highway to California during the Great Depression. Many were from Arkansas (Arkies) and Oklahoma (Okies). The spirit of this group was captured in the classic book The Grapes of Wrath. California was called "The big rock candy mountain or the land of milk and honey." The people were looking for hope.

Route 66

Migration to California

(Okies and Arkies)

poor farming practices and a severe drought led to horrible dust storms and left much of the Southern Great Plains in despair.

Dust Bowl

(1933 - 1936) FDR's plan to end the Great Depression. 3 major goals were what FDR called his 3 R's - Relief, Recovery and Reform. Many were put back to work, but the Depression was ended when America entered WW II.

New Deal

created by President Roosevelt's Second New Deal. Provided a pension plan for retired citizens and those who were disabled.

Social Security

this agency employed more people than any other. Workers built roads, bridges, schools, post offices and numerous other public buildings.

WPA

work progress administration

created by the New Deal to help with flood control, provide jobs, and cheap hydro electric power to a seven state area.

TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority

created by the New Deal to establish confidence in the nation's banks. The government would provide insurance for up to $5,000

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

young men from 18 to 25 were employed to build parks, playgrounds, clear trails, build dams, and plant trees. The site where Powell High School sits was a camp for this agency during the Great Depression.

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps

also known as Roosevelt's "tree army"

she became the symbol of the working woman during World War II. Women were welders, machinists, fabricators, etc...

Rosie The Riveter

this (1935) act gave workers the right to join labor unions. A minimum wage was established, and the maximum hours that one could work.

Fair Labor Standards Act

in an attempt to restore trust in the nation's banks, FDR closed all banks for 4 days. Only those banks that were solvent were allowed to reopen. The closures of the banks coupled with the creation of the FDIC were attempts to stop runs on the banks.

Bank Holiday

The Axis powers during World War II. (remember they wanted to dance a JIG on the map of the world!)

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Allied powers during World War II. (remember RUG) and France.

Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, France

the secret project to build an atomic weapon.

Manhattan Project

Tennessee city created to help construct the first atomic weapons. Hanford, Washington and Los Alamos, New Mexico also played important roles in the project. This site in Tennessee was chosen for its seclusion and proximity to cheap hydroelectric power.

Oak Ridge, Tennessee

the two Japanese cities were destroyed on August 6, 1945 and August 9, 1945 by atomic bombs. The use of these weapons brought about the surrender of Japan.

Hiroshima
Nagasaki

this brought women into the workforce, America saw daycare for the first time ever, many people moved to urban areas in search of employment, African-Americans found work in factories.

WW II

One of the greatest pieces of legislation in American history, this gave veterans the opportunity to go to school, get job training and guaranteed home loans. It also provided loans to those starting a business.

GI Bill

The Final Solution - 6 million European Jews and 5 million others would die in Concentration Camps. (Genocide)

Holocaust

per FDR this Executive Order would place more than 100,000 Japanese Americans into Internment camps. Korematsu v. the United States (1944) the Supreme Court agreed with FDR that American citizens should be protected from possible uprising. Finally, under President Reagan in the 80s the government would apologize and make payments to survivors.

Executive Order 9066 (Japanese Internment Camps)

Congressman from Tennessee, he became the Secretary of State under FDR and served in that position longer than anyone in American history. He is often called the "Father of the United Nations." He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945.

Cordell Hull

"Day of Infamy" December 7, 1941. Over 1,100 men died aboard the USS Arizona.

December 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor

the turning point of the war in the Pacific, from this point forward the Japanese would be on the defensive.

Battle of Midway

Operation Torch - 1943, General Patton would lead the Americans to victory and eventually attack what Churchill called the "soft underbelly of Europe."

North Africa 1943

Operation Overlord - June 6, 1944 the greatest amphibious invasion in history to that point - A second front designed to liberate Europe would be opened.

D-Day June 6, 1944

May 8, 1945 would become known as...

VE Day May 8, 1945

August 14, 1945 would become known as... (the formal surrender of Japan would actually take place aboard the USS Missouri on September 2, 1945.

VJ Day August 14, 1945
(Formal Surrender September 2, 1945)

the United States policy designed to keep Communism from spreading after WW II.

Containment

belief that if one nation fell to Communism, so would those around it.

domino theory

Karl Marx was the father of this type of government - ideally, it would create a classless society.

Communism

Southern Democrats who opposed desegregation (Brown v. Board of Education 1954). Strom Thurmond ran for President in 1948 as a member of this political party. Ironically, the symbol of the party was the Statue of Liberty!

Dixiecrats (Strom Thurmond)

(1950 - 1953) arguably the most brutal war America has ever been involved in - temperatures in excess of - 40◦ F. 54,000 Americans would lose their lives in what became known as "The Forgotten War." The USSR and China would aid North Korea. At the conclusion of fighting the country would remain divided at the 38th Parallel. The war has never officially ended. America still has troops there today. President Truman called this war "A Police Action."

Korean War (The Forgotten War)

this resolution was passed by Congress giving President Lyndon Johnson authority to escalate U.S. involvement in Vietnam after the USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy were said to have been fired on by North Vietnamese gun boats.

Gulf of Tonkin

58,000 Americans would lose their lives in the first TV war. The United States wanted to prevent communism from spreading to South Vietnam. Although America inflicted extremely heavy casualties on the enemy, public opinion turned against the war. More bombs were dropped here than on Germany, Japan, and Korea combined.

Vietnam War

Communist leader of Cuba who led a successful revolution in 1959. He declared Cuba would become a Communist state. (90 miles from Florida)

Fidel Castro

after WW II, this country was divided into West & East. The West would be democratic and the east would be communist. The city of Berlin would also be divided.

Germany

The plan to rebuild Europe after WW II to avoid the spread of communism. The U.S. spent billions in war torn countries. Secretary of State George Marshall felt that stronger countries could avoid falling to communism.

Marshall Plan

A United States plan to help Greece and Turkey avoid falling to communism. Within this doctrine, President Truman said America would aid any free people (country) fighting against communism.

Truman Doctrine

The Soviet Union built a concrete wall around the Eastern communist controlled section of Berlin. The wall became the ultimate symbol of the Cold War. The purpose of the wall was to keep people from escaping to the Western (free) sector of Berlin.

Berlin Wall

United States C-54 cargo planes transported needed supplies into the city of Berlin after Stalin ordered the roadways and waterways into the city sealed off. (food, fuel, medicine, etc.)

Berlin Airlift

Military alliance formed by the United States and allies to provide security in the event of an attack by the USSR.

NATO

Military alliance formed by the USSR with other communist countries from Eastern Europe.

Warsaw Pact

Cuban exiles in the United States were trained by the CIA to overthrow Fidel Castro and his communist regime. President Kennedy's biggest failure - at the last moment JFK called back the air support and the mission failed. It was an embarrassment for the US.

Bay of Pigs

Brinkmanship - (I called it nuclear chicken!) (1962) U2 spy planes took photographs of Soviet nuclear missiles being placed in Cuba. JFK authorized a naval blockade around Cuba and demanded the missiles be dismantled and removed. The USSR pledged to remove the missiles - the United States removed missiles from Turkey and promised not to invade Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Senator Joseph McCarthy (1950s) fear of Communism - he used fear to gain political power. His tactics destroyed many lives. President Truman announces a plan to investigate Federal Employees for connections to communism. Senator John F. Kennedy challenged McCarthy and his tactics.

McCarthyism

the first artificial satellite was launched by the USSR on October 4, 1957. As a result the United States began to emphasize science and math in education. NASA was formed.

space race

The plan to put a man into space (United States). John Glenn became the first American to orbit the earth.

Mercury

The bold project to put a man on the moon proposed by JFK. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to walk on the moon. "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Apollo