HAPE Body Systems

Functions of muscles

To create movement by pulling on bones

To maintain good posture

To maintain essential bodily functions

Muscle Type: Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary heart muscle

Muscle Type: Smooth Muscle

In digestive system + walls of vital organs (bladder, diaphragm, blood vessels). Involuntary

Muscle Type: Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary movements + good posture

Cartilage

Smooth, somewhat elastic tissue. Helps with shock absorption

Tendons

Attach muscle to bone. Strong + rigid, helps muscles pull through joint and bones

Ligaments

Cross over joints, joins bone to bone. Helps stability at joint to prevent dislocation.

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres

Longer duration activities. red

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres

Contract with high speed + force, for high intensity activities. white

Reciprocal Inihbition

Simultaneous contraction of one muscle (agonist) and the relaxion of its opposite (antagonist) i.e.

Bicep Curl: bicep = agonist, tricep = antagonist

Flexion

Movement that decreases joint angle between two body parts.

Extension

Movement that increases the joint angle between two body parts.

Functions of Skeletal System

Support - give structure to body

Protection - keep vital organs safe

Movement - muscles pull on bones to move

Production of blood cells - marrow found in long bones produces new blood cells

Storage - stores minerals such as calcium to prevent bone degradation

Long bone

Longer than wide + have marrow i.e. femur

Short bone

Same length and width, roughly cubical i.e. carpal

Flat bone

Provide surface for muscle attachment i.e. frontal

Irregular bones

No regular shapes or characteristics i.e. vertebra

Sesamoid bones

Develops in tendons when they cross ends of long bones i.e. patella

Functions of cardiovascular system

Circulates blood to all of the body

Transports water, oxygen and nutrients to cells

Transports wastes away from the cells

Helps maintain correct body temperature

Helps fight disease, through white blood cells and antibodies in the blood

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart. (Arteries away)

Veins

Carry blood to heart

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels in tissue. Exchange nutrients and waste between blood + body cells

Red blood cells

Carry O2 + CO2 to and from cells/muscles. Made in bone marrow.

Removed by liver and spleen at millions/min.

Lifespan: 4 months

White Blood cells

Fights disease-causing organisms by absorption + digestion. Passes through capillary walls.

Variety of shapes & sizes. Generally larger than red

Lifespan: Couple days. 1 white - 700 red.

Platelets

Cause blood to clot when blood vessel is damaged.

Cloudy yellow. Smaller than red. Produced in bone marrow

Lifespan: ~ 10 days

Plasma

Provides cells with proteins, salts, glucose, fasts, antibodies + oxygen.

Carries blood cells + enters cells. Replaced first if one loses blood

Respiratory System Functions

Bring air from atmosphere into lungs

Transfers O2 into blood

Removes CO2 from blood

Expels heat + water vapour in the air breathed out

Allows you to talk

Diaphragm

Smooth muscle; expels + contracts to control breathing at rest.

Diaphragm moves = chest cavity size increase/decrease. CCS ↑ = breathe in, CCS ↓ = breathe out

Inspiration

Diahragm ↓ = more space for chest cavity to get bigger. Chest cavity expands = less pressure = more air. Inspiration = Inhale

Expiration

Expiration = Exhale