NUFS 223: Final (Africa + diet swap study)

5 United Nations regions of africa

North, west, south, east + central

What is a major influence on African countries (culture wise)

COLONIZATION

What are the 10 most popular foods in africa

1. Meat roasted over charcoal

2. Fried plantain

3. Injera (Ethiopian, Eritrean + Somalia)

4. Stiff porridge from starches/tubers

5. Rice dishes

6. Stiff maize porridge

7. South African chili pepper sauce (Portuguese origin)

8. West African meat stew w ground nuts

9. Fried wheat bread (east Africa)

10. tagline (North Africa, type of cook ware as well)

What are some trends in African foods?

1. Startch

2. Stews

3. Rich in FIBRE

4. Food from other countries (sharing culture)

5. Diversity in foods across continent

6. Freshly made, less processed

7. Eating with HANDS

Jollof rice what is it + where does it come from

Rice + TOMATO PASTE

• WEST africa

Durum wheat what are it’s 2 different common forms

Semolina (middle of durum wheat)

Couscous

True or false: It is predicted that African foods will become popular in north america

True

True or false: It is predicted increased use of African cereal grains (sorghum, teff + millet)

TRUE

What are food cultures of different regions of Africa affected by

1. Climate + ethnicity

2. Religions (Eastern Orthodox- Ethiopia or Muslim (Northern Africa)

3. Local food taboos

Is Dairy consumption common in Africa? Why?

No

• Lactose intolerance I common

Since lactose intolerance is common in Africa what type of dairy is consumed (if at all)

FERMENTED milk products + cheeses

What are 2 populations in Africa that will consume more milk?

1. African herders = lactase persistent

2. Countries with large European populations (South Africa)

What are some common animal proteins sources

1. Fish (coastal regions/ where there are lakes)

2. Cow, sheep, goat, camel, chicken + wild game

True or false: Red meat may not be eaten often or in large quantities in Africa. Why?

TRUE

• Economic constraints

True or false: Protein deficiency is common in some regions of africa

True

What is the risk of BUSH MEAT (wild game)

Spread of ZOONOTIC DISEASE

In general, What are stews, souped + sauces served with in Africa?

CARBS

what are 5 examples of carbs served with stews soups or sauces + where are they typically eaten if applicable

1. Rice (WEST)

2. Couscous (NORTH)

3. Plantains

4. unleavened flat bread (EAST)

5. Fermented TEFF or SORGHUM flat bread (ETHIOPIA- part of EAST Africa)

6. Stiff mash or porridge from MAIZE (EAST), course GRAINS(sorghum + millet), PLANTAINS, TUBERS (yams, cassava WEST)

***What is CHAPATTI, what is it made of + where in Africa is it commonly eaten

Unleavened WHEAT flat bread (EAST Africa)

• South Asian origin

What is Ugali or Fufu, what is it made of + where is it most commonly consumed in Africa

Stiff MASH/ PORRIDGE made from MAIZE(east), COARSE GRAIN, PLANTAINS or TUBERS(west)

What is the traditional way of making fufu

pounding it with wooden mortar + pestle

What is common of TANZANIAN meals

Corn porridge (UGALI), veggie sauce, fried plantains + potatoes, Goat + veggies

Stew with pasta

• FIBRE rich, Meat Not central + low processing

What causes food insecurity on africa

Climate change (flood, droughts, locusts pest), agricultural practices, poverty, war + civil unrest

What is hidden hunger

Sufficient calories but LOW nutritional value

What are some common Micronutrient deficiencies involved in hidden hunger? (4)

Iron, iodine, vit a + zinc

What does undernutrition affect in children

Early childhood development

• brain + CNS

What are some Sociocultural reasons for nutritional deficiencies in Africa

• Taboos often directed @ WOMEN + children

What are the typical trends of taboo foods

• Often PROTEIN RICH Animal foods + MICRONUTRIENT RICH foods

Tre or false: come African communities believe that children should not eat eggs

TRUE

What the top 5 taboo foods foods for pregnancy in SOUTH africa + why

1. Orange: baby born with yellow skin + eyes

2. Fish: baby born with scales + skin rash

3. Chicken: baby grow up walking like chicken

4. Baboon + vervet meat: child will be naughty + behave like monkey

5. Antelope meat: baby will behave like antelope

Where is palm oil native to?

WEST Africa

True or false: OIL PALM TREE = Highly productive crop

True

• Low seed —> HIGH YIELD

***Palm oil vs. Palm kernel oil source + visual appearance

Palm oil = from FRUIT OF oil palm TREE + CLOUDY & ORANGE

Palm Kernel oil = from SEED of oil palm TREE + CLEAR

***Similarities between palm + palm kernel oil (6)

• Both HIGH IN SAT FAT => solid @ room temp + high cooking temp + long self life

• Associated with risk of CVD

• Commonly used in processed foods + commercial cooking

***Difference between unrefined Palm + Palm kernel oil (5)

• Palm = from fruit. Kernel = from seed

• Palm= 50% sat fat. Kernel = 85% sat fat

• Palm = Palmitic sat fat. Kernel = Lauric sat fat

• Palm = carotenoids. Kernel = no carotenoids

• Palm = Tocopherols + tocotrienols (Vit E) Kernels = low in vit E (tocopherol + tocotrienols)

**What is the composition of Palm oil in terms of SFA, PUFA + MUFA

SFA= 50%

PUFA = 10% (omega 3 + 6)

MUFA = 40% (oleic acid)

*comparison of dietary fats

***What are the 3 PROVITAMIN A carotenoids

1. Beta-carotene

2. Alpha-carotene

3. Beta-cryptoxanthin

All have Greek alphabet in names

***What are the 3 NON-provitamin A carotenoids

1. Lutein

2. Zeaxanthin

3. Lycopene

***What are the 4 health benefits of Tocopherols + tocotrienols?

Vit E

• CVD

• Cancer

• Diabetes

• Obesity

***What are the health concerns associated with palmitic acid in palm oil?

• Metastasis (CANCER SPREAD) in MOUTH + SKIN cancers

• Raise blood CHOLESTROL

***What are the health concerns associated with Lauric acid in palm Kernel oil?

Raise blood CHOLESTEROL levels

True or false: Palm oil is CHEAPER than other oils

True

What is the problem between palm oil + our planet?

DEFORESTATION —> climate change + death of animals

• orangutan + tiger Habitat loss

• Indigenous people are made homeless

What is the complex problem between palm oil and+ its affect on the environment? (IRONY)

NO other crop YIELDS as much OIL/ACRE planted

• Oil Palm trees use LESS LAND than Other VEGGIE OILS

Require FEWER PESTICIDES + FERTILIZERS compared to other veggie oils

What are 3 native African coarse grains?

1. Sorghum

2. Millet

3. Teff

Why is sorghum millet + teff so popular in africa

they GROW HARSH environments prone to DROUGHT compared to other crops

What are the Coarse grins higher in compared to wheat + rice

Protein + have better amino acid profile

***What are the 3 coarse grains good sources of (3 amino acids)

Methionine, cystine + lysine

**What else are sorghum, millet + teff rich in?

• FIBRE

• PHYTOCHEMICAL (antioxidant properties, not nutrient)

***What Micro nutrients are the 3 coarse grains rich in? (2)

Iron + zinc

True or false: Sorghum, millet + teff are ALL GLUTEN FREE

True

What is INJERA, what is it made of + where is commonly eaten?

Fermented sourdough flat TEFF bread

• East Africa (Ethiopia)

What has the decline in consumption of coarse grains to wheat + rich instead resulted in

Low fibre

What are the characteristics of the standard American diet?

• Meat based

• High calorie, fat, sodium

• Low fibre

Likely responsible for many chronic health conditions

***How does meat processing relate to cancer?

Lead to formation of N-nitroso-compounds(NOC) + PAHs carcinogens

• Processing = bacon, sausage, ham, any preserving/ salting/ smoking

***How does red meat relate to cancer

Heme Iron = Facilitate prod of NOC carcinogens

• red meat = unprocessed mammal muscle flesh

***How does HIGH temperature + meat relate to cancer

High temp = Carcinogenic chemicals- cyclic aromatic amines (HAA + PAHs)

***Soluble vs Insoluble Fibre

• Soluble: Becomes GEL —> SLOW ABSORPTION

• Insoluble: SPEED UP TRANSIT of food + STOOL bulk

• Soluble: Prevent SPIKE in GLUCOSE

• Insoluble: Prevent CONSTIPATION, hemorrhoids etc)

• Soluble: Traps Sat. Fat = LOWER CHOLESTEROL

• Insoluble: Binds harmful chemicals

• Soluble: Fermented in colon —> SCFA = feed good bacteria + ensure Colon cell health

• Insoluble: SOME Fermented in colon —> SCFA (butyrate preferred fuel of colon cells) + feeds good bacteria

How does western diet affect gut microbiome

Low diversity

==> low SCFA as a result

True or false: Colon cancer = DIET dependent

True

Difference in African gut health + African American gut health

African = LOWER colonic epithelial PROLIFERATION + less POLYPS

***Characteristics of traditional African diet

• Minimal processed

• HIGH FIBRE + starch

• LOW in ANIMAL PROTEINS

• LOW DAIRY intake (Often fermented)

African Diet swap beginning + end colon health

Beginning: ½ Americans had Polyps 0 Africans had polyps. Higher ratio of Proliferation in African-Americans + Inflammation

Results: American group = LESS inflammation, proliferation after swap. African group = INCREASED cancer risk markers

***How did the swap affect BUTYRATE in gut?

African diet= INCREASE 250% in butyrate production

American diet = cut butyrate production by HALF

****What is Butyrate

SCFA (short chain fatty acid) produced by the fermentation/metabilism of Fibre by gut bacteria

****What are the benefits of BUTYRATE to gut health?

Butyrate = Anti-neoplasticism + Anti-inflammatory ==> PREVENT COLON CANCER

What kind of diet INCREASES Colon cancer risk

LOW FIBRE

HIGH Fat + Processed + red meats

How many more times are Americans likely to develop colon cancer than Africans?

13 times

What was the TYPICAL diet of RURAL SOUTH AFRICAN participants in the study?

• STIFF MAIZE Porridge + salt

  • Stiff maize —> Butyrate

• Veggies (seasonal veggie gardens)

• Fermented + unpasteurized milk (Lots of Probiotics)

• LOW meat + eggs

• BOILING (not fried = less carcinogens)

***What type of Insoluble fibres can be fermented in the colon to become BUTYRATE?

RESISTANT STARCHES

Approximately how much of the maize is converted in to RESISTANT STARCH after traditional African preparation?

18%

• can be used in gut for butyrate

***What is the RDA for FIBRE men + women

Men = 38g

Women = 25g

Comparison between the AMDR, protein sources + Fibre intake of the study participants