apush period 2&3

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who challenged the religious authorities in Massachusetts, promoting antinomianism, banished from Massachusetts bay in 1600s

Atlantic World

interconnected regions of europe, africa, and americas where people, goods, ideas, and cultures were exchanged

Bacon's Rebellion

virginia uprising led by nathaniel bacon against governer berkeley over native american policy and interests of settlers b/c governor would keep peace (wouldnt launch any attacks against natives) and people lived in fear because settlers were frequently attacked by natives & felt unprotected

barbados slave trade

development of african slavery and sugar plantations in barbados, important model for plantation slavery in american colonies

congregational church

protestant church that developed from puritanism and emphasized independent local churches

mercantilism

economic system where colonies supplied raw materials to the mother country and bought its manufactured goods (ex. british bought cheap materials from americans colonies and manufactured goods to sell back at a higher price)

metacomet

aka king philip, wampanoag leader led native americans against english colonists in king philips war

middle ground

region where natives and europeans interacted and compromised, created a shared culture and political relations

navigation acts

english laws that regulated colonial trade and required many goods to be transported on english ships to benefit england

new amsterdam

A Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City after english took control

pennsylvania

colony founded by william penn as a refuge for quakers and other religious groups, known for religious tolerance

pequot war

1636-1637 conflict (fought for control & trade in connecticut river valley) between new england & pequot people resulting in much destruction of pequot population

plymouth plantation

settlement founded by pilgrims (religious separatists) in present day massachussets, sought a place to practice religion freely

dominion of new england

colony created by king james II, combined several new england colonies under stronger royal control

english caribbean

eng colonies in caribbean relied heavily on sugar plantations & enslaved africans labor

fundamental constitutions for carolina

written by john locke to establish a structured, orderly government that protected the power of the lords proprietors while preventing rise of democracy

George & Cecilius Calvert

george calvert and his son cecilius founded maryland as a colony offering religious tolerance, especially to catholics

glorious revolution

overthrow of king james ii, strengthened parliament and led to greater political rights in england and colonies

headright

system giving land to settlers who paid for their own or another persons passage to colonies

jacob leisler

ny merchant who led rebellion against colonial elites after glorious revolution

powhatan

powerful native leader who controlled large confederacy of tribes in virginia when jamestown was founded

praying indians

Native Americans who converted to Christianity and lived in communities established by Puritan missionaries.

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England and created Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Quakers

Religious group that believed in equality, religious tolerance, and a direct relationship with God; William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a Quaker colony.

Roger Williams

Religious dissenter who founded Rhode Island and supported religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Sir William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia who opposed Bacon and favored policies that protected Native American trade and wealthy colonial elites.

Theocracy

A government in which religious leaders or religious beliefs strongly control the government.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia, which was originally created as a refuge for debtors and a buffer against Spanish Florida.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607.

John Calvin

Protestant reformer whose teachings on predestination influenced Puritan beliefs.

John Smith

Leader of Jamestown who helped the colony survive by enforcing strict discipline and trade with Native Americans.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader and governor of Massachusetts Bay who described the colony as a "city upon a hill."

King Philip's War

A 1675-1676 war between New England colonists and Native Americans led by Metacomet; it severely weakened Native American power in New England.

Massachusetts Bay Company

Company that founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 as a Puritan settlement.

Mayflower Compact

A 1620 agreement in which the Plymouth settlers promised to create and follow their own government.

Tobacco

Cash crop that became the economic foundation of the Virginia and Maryland colonies.

Toleration Act

guaranteed freedom of worship to all Trinitarian Christians while making it illegal to harass other Christians over their beliefs

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first elected representative assembly in the English colonies, established in Virginia in 1619.

Wampanoags

Native American people who lived in New England and interacted with the Pilgrims at Plymouth

William Bradford

Pilgrim leader and governor of Plymouth Colony who helped maintain the settlement.

William Penn

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania as a colony based on religious tolerance and representative government.

Cotton Mather

Puritan minister and writer who defended Puritan beliefs and was involved in the Salem witch trials.

Covenant

A religious agreement or promise between God and people; important to Puritan beliefs and government.

Enlightenment Ideals

Ideas emphasizing reason, science, natural rights, and individual liberty rather than relying only on tradition or religion.

George Whitefield

Popular preacher who helped spread the Great Awakening throughout the American colonies.

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s-1740s that encouraged emotional religious experiences and challenged traditional church authority.

Gullah

African American culture and language that developed among enslaved people in the Lowcountry of South Carolina and Georgia.

Huguenots

French Protestants who fled religious persecution and settled in parts of the English colonies.

Indentured Servitude

A system in which people worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to America, food, and shelter.

Jeremiad

A sermon or speech warning people that they had strayed from religious values and needed to return to them.

John and Charles Wesley

English religious leaders whose teachings influenced the Great Awakening and the development of Methodism.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who argued that people have natural rights and that government exists with the consent of the governed.

John Peter Zenger

New York printer whose 1735 trial helped establish the idea that truthful criticism of government should not be punished as libel.

Jonathan Edwards

Puritan preacher who helped start the Great Awakening with emotional sermons emphasizing personal religious conversion.

Middle Passage

The voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas as part of the transatlantic slave trade.

Primogeniture

The tradition of giving most or all family property to the eldest son, often forcing younger sons to seek opportunities elsewhere.

Saugus Ironworks

One of the first successful ironworks in the American colonies, located in Massachusetts.

Scots-Irish

Protestant immigrants from Scotland and Northern Ireland who settled heavily in the colonial backcountry.

Slave Codes

Laws that restricted the rights and controlled the lives of enslaved people.

Stono Rebellion

A 1739 slave uprising in South Carolina in which enslaved Africans fought against their enslavers.

Triangular Trade

A trade network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving manufactured goods, enslaved Africans, and colonial products.