Combined families m1

1. decided by the couple

2. decided by the families

2 basic streams of mate selection

1. live togther but never marry

2. marry before living toegther

3. begin premarital cohabitation and eventually marry

3 main options after mate sleection

intimacy - ability and freedom to disclose ones innermost self to another

what is considered the prerequisite for marriage in North America

1. identity - figure out who you are (self exploration, sexuality)

2. intimacy - find the way you love, emotional, intedependency, attachment

3. status - dating someone and marring enhances social and financial status

4. sex - intiating and explroing physical experiences of intimacy

4 functions dating serves

1. homogamy needs

2. complementary needs

2 types of needs in a relationship

homogamy needs

needs in a realtionship that we have in common, what you wnat to match with a partner

• intelligence, edcuation, socioeconomic status, phsycial atractiveness, age, reglion, ethnicity, personal habits

complemenary need

needs in a relationship that are opposite to oneself

• can be elements that you cant fulfill yourself so you look for someone who cna complemnet it (opposites attract)

usually the dating pool is already small you you are more likely to work out any differences while finding simialrities

why might same sex couples look for complementary needs

1. intimacy - reflects feelings of togetherness, care, supportiveness, warmth

2. commitment - refers to trust, fidelity, repsonisbility

3. passion - includes excitement

3 components of romantic love

endogamy

marrying within your own group (class, status, education level)

exogamy

marrying outside of your specific group (interracial marriages, interability)

1. endogamy

2. exogamy

2 social groupings of marriage

1. legal barriers (laws in place, social stuctures)

2. geogrpahical factors - usually marry within our region

3. field of eligibles - limited by age, sexuality, class

4. want external approval from friends

5. assorative mating - pick somone based on specific charcteirtsics, morals we grew up with (can be simialr to self)

5 barriers in place of choosing a partner for amrriage

love definition from Brubacher & Johnson article

an attachment bond that provides a safe feeling of comfort and regulation from emotional distress, aids with growth and autonomy

provides secure attahcment and a safe haven from perosnal distress

key component of love from Brubacher & Johnson article

1. retain emotional balance during stress and instability - more tolerance to stress

2. seek and recieve care that helps renew attahcement bonds

3. uncover the mental, phsycial, and health benefits of emotional attachment

3 benefits of secure attachment from Brubacher & Johnson article EbRB

Wheel of Love Theory

theory stating there are 4 phases that love and friendship dveelop through, these occur in a social context and are infleunced by role concepts that each person brinsg to the relationship

1. Rapport - when people feel comfortable with each otehr tehy reveal aspects of themselves (experiences, hopes, fears)

2. Self-revelation - expose private feelinsg and ideas, invovling deep revelation encompassing sex

3. Mutual dependencies - people rely on each other to share ideas, jokes, and intimate feelings

4. Personal-need fulfillment - if needs are met, there is growing rapport and circular process is renewed

4 phases in Wheel of Love Theory RSMP

women tend to be more attuned to relationships so they move quicker to stage 2 and 3 self-relevation and mutal dependency

what stages of the Wheel of Love Theory quicker for women

cohabitation

the state of living or existing in the same living situation, likely to be in a relationship but can also be just owning partners

arranged marriages

when 2 families arrange to marry their children together, usually invovles meeting beforehand to estbalish agreement and bond

• can be a common stratgy to restricy social interactions of their children

forced marriages

a marriage in which people are coercd into marrying someone against their will

• impacts young people trafficked abroad under false pretexts and married for immigration purposes

• every major faith condemns the practice as a human rights violation

marriage is a legal contract by law that is decided by parterns above 18 years old (green card marriages/convenience marrigaes are illegal in Canada)

cohabitation or common law status is established after 3 years or 1 year if you have a child and is detrmined by the law if it qualifes

differences in legal definitions of marriage vs. cohabitation

1. conventional roles - ex. woman does chores, man goes to work

2. shared roles - each having roles within and outside of the house (may not be equal pay or housework but shared)

3. dual career roles - both people have full time careers so there is hired help, may still share tasks at home but have additional help

4. reverse conventional roles ex. stay at home dad, working mom

4 roles in marriage

common law union

a union of 2 partners in a lasting relationship (1-3 years depending on province and children) resmebling a marriage

• will recieve couple benefits but do not have teh same property rights as married couples

1. marriage is usually more permenent as it is legally binding

2. no waiting period for legal rights with marriage

3. property and medical rights may be wearing for common law couples in the first 3 years

3 differences between cohabitation and marriage

1. more shared roles

2. marriage rates are on the decline but still outweight cohabitants

3. decline likely due to moving away from patriarchal system to egalitarian

how is marriage statistically chnaging

1. waiting longer due to higher education

2. high level of job demands so may reduce amount of kids wanted

3. medical advances - birth control

4. financial climate

5. individual choices - age, trauma, diseases

5 reasons why the canadian family shrinking

1. abortion

2. adoption

3. raising child herself

3 options for a pregnant woman in Canada

foster care

the provision of care by a family other than a parent or guardian of a child approved and arranged by a child welfare authriuty

• can be foster to adopt, kinship care, or respite care

adoption

legal transfer of parental rights and obligations from birth parents to adoptive parents

• once parental rights are terminalted the biological parents cannot regain custody

1. artifical insemination

2. surrogacy

3. in vitro fertilization

3 assisted reproductive technologies

articifical insemination

ART done as the practice of using sperm fom a donor to fertilize an egg

• done directly into the uterus with a known or unknown donor sperm

• uterine AI can aid older women get pregnant as it stimulates egg count and more direct way

1. donor sperms can be used when a husnadn is infertile or carries a genetic disorder

2. unmarried women who wish to have children by themsleves

3. lesbians who wish to carry children

3 reasons for artifical insemination

in vitro fertiization

the assisted reproductive technique of fertilizing eggs with sperm in a lab dish and later placing embyros in the uterus

surrogacy

when a woman agrees to carry a child for someone else (IVF or AI)

• must be altruistic in Canada, all contracts are giverned under provincial law

• sperm and egg donation also cannot be monetary in Canada

1. early diagnosis of diabilities - eugenics

2. sex selection

3. wished for charcateristics

3 concerns over genetic testing in embryos

family is teh first powerful infleunce in teh socialization of child

parents directly infleunce their children by who they are and interaction

indirect control occurs over the envornment which is lost when tehy gro up

how does family act as the first socializer

1. authoritative - parents willing to offer reasons for rules (balance of warmth and control, one may overpower at times)

2. permissive - parents off no directives and rely on manipulation for compliance (almost all warmth)

3. authoritarian - parents expect children to take their word as final directive, no negotiation (more control than warmth)

4. uninvolved - parents provide no warm and no control, little supervision (neglectful)

4 parenting styles

1. control

2. warmth

2 continuums of parenting style

most positive child outcomes

creates curious, well-behvaed, self-confident, high slef-esteem, low deviance

securely attached

outcomes of authoratative parenting

leads to anxious, easily upset, low self-confidence or direction, and at risk for conduct problems (highr rebellion)

outcomes for authoratrian parenting

leads to impulsive, immature, disobient, overly dependent on adulys, bad in school, and antisocial as they are not used to directives

outcomes for permissive parents

most negative outcomes for the children

insecure attahcments, low social and acedmic competence, risk for substance abuse

outcomes for uninvolved parenting

the coercive cycle

a basis for parenting conflicts and management training

• refers to the cycle that child and parent get into when conflict arises and escalates into hostility

1. adult makes request

2. child reacts with hostility

3. aduly reacts with hostility

4. child doesnt do what is asked

cut it off at stage 2 if we want to deescalate

4 steps of the coercive cycle

try to reward with positiev attention mroe than negative so that the child learns not get your attanetion from doing bad things

how do we wnat to divide positiev vs negtive attanetion

parents showuld reward good behaviour rather than punishing bad ones

• should be with effective instructions rather than punishment verbally or physically

• reward can be spending time together

how should parents deal with rewards vs. punishments

bride is something given ahead before behvaiour arises to dampen or shut it down

incnetive is a reward given after for good behaviour

difference between bribe and inecntive

emotional coaching

parenting that validates the feeling of a child in distress, and connects before directing

• not trying to solce teh problem for them, hearing them out, validating,a nd collaboarting on solution after understanding problem

1. be aware of emotions

2. connect with child

3. listen to child

4. label emotions

5. set limits and find solutions

5 steps of emotion coaching

emotional coahing works on reconstruction of feelings after warmth is given, there are still directives and a solution must eb made

permissive parenting does not include directives and only caudles

how is emotioanl coaching different from permissive parenting

1. phsycial injury

2. poor mental health

3. impaired parental relationships

4. weak internalization of morals

5. antisocial behvaioir

6. poor adult adjustment

7. tolerance of violence

what does phsyical punishment lead to

1. approve of it

2. experienced it themselves as children

3. feel anger in repsonse to childs behvaior

4. are subject to depression or stress

parents are more likely to use physical punishment if they:

legal definitions of family

chnage as a result of court cases and legislation but can be defined by Stats Canada through census data, Children’s Aid Society as anyone meaningful to the child, Correctional services on visitation matters, or airlines on berevment policies

social definitions of family

defined as people within your social circle, the nucelar family, and extended family

family of orientation

social definition as the family we are born into and raised in

includes parents and siblings

family of procreation

social definition as the family formed through marriag eor cohabitation

includes spouse and your children

kinship

social definition of family that is a set of social relations basd on blood, marriage, and social connections

ex. this may inclde extended family and friends as your network/family

personal definitions of family

definition of family that you create based on your feelings and connectiosn to those around you

• may include or exclude people due to conflict and not blood relation

intentional family definitions

a family whose members though not related by blood or marriage, call themsleves family, may share residences and a common lifestyle

common in the LGBTQ+ community or commune groups

the common law family

According to the 2011 census, which type of Canadian family has grown the most

which year were same sec couples allowed to enter marriage

2005

quantitative research with families

information presneted in numbers and analyzed with statical techniques

includes surveys, questionnaires, corrlational, cohory, and longitudinal research

qualitative resercah with famialies

resrecah concernswe with verbal descriptions based on reports, observation, and analaysis patterns

includes interviews, obsrvations, focus groups, and content analysis

refugee

person who must flee their country due to persecution

newcomer/immigrant

someone who has settled in a country permenently

permenent resident (landed immigrant)

someone who has been granted permenent residence in a foriegn country

migrant

anyone who is outside their country of birth and may have no status in their country

race is a system of classifying people on phsyical characteristics

ethncity specifies a group of people who share a common cultural heritage - regardless or in addition to race

difference between race and ethnicity

1. concept of ethnicity is fluid

2. reposnders understanding chnages the reporting

3. increasing intermarrigae of group increases options

4. changes in census format can change overtime

4 reasons why is it hard to interpret census data based on ethnicity

indigenious population is group six times faster than canadian population as a whole

• youer population that are of child bearing age

• more individuals identifying as indigeneious

• reserve residents are counted more

how is the indiegenious canadian population chnaging

there is higher numbers of Canadians reporting to belong to more than 1 ethnic group

• mixed race couples expeirence dififuclties from different cultures and prejudice from relatives so they may not have documented in the past

• includes transracial or international adoptees

how are multiracial family populations changing

Visible minorities/racialized people

anyone other than indigenous and of white descent

includes Black, Asian, Arab, Afrcian people)

prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire group of people

discrimination is unfair treatment of people based on social charcteristics rather than marit an be directed or indirect

difference between prejudice and discrimination

sterotypes

simplified percpetion people have of an entire group

can be negative or positive but both can be damaging as they jump to conclusions

needs for labour - migrant workers in famring or railroads

humanitarian motives - fugitive slaves, european dispacment after WW2, refugees from syria

2 reasons for immigration

1. lack of canadian experience

2. problems having qualifications certified

3. lack of fluency in fench or englihs

4. high wage gap - need more money than offerieng

5. temporary visas

5 reasons why immigrants may have toruble finding work

1. accpetance or rejection of the new culture

2. accpetance or rejection of the old cultrure

acculturation strategy dimensions

1. integration

2. assimilation

3. separation

4. marginalization

4 main repsonses to minority status (acculturation)

integration

acculturation strategy where high levels of engagment in heritage and mainstream cultures are sought

• most adpative path due to bicultural competence

• ex. self identifying hyphenated canadians (Polish-Canadian

assimilation

acculturation strategy based on rejection of heritage culture either forced or voluntary

• a form of passing, trying to hide minoity membership

• ex. rejecting arrnaged marriages and finding a partner by yourself

separation

acculturation strategy based on voluntary rejection of dominant culture or involvuntary exclusion from dominant culture

• can be a collective or individual stratgey

• ex. Muslims empahsizing Islam post 9/11

marginalization

acculturation strategy with little possibility or interest in maintaining heritage culture and little interest having relations with domiant culture

• associated with dysfunctional or deviant behvaiours