PH 131 Exam 1

Health is?

• The state of complete mental, physical and social well being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

• A dynamic state or condition that is multidimensional a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions with and adaptation to the environment.

Health education is?

• Combination of planned learning experience using evidence based practices and/or sounds theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitude, and skills needed adopt and maintain healthy behavior.

Health promotion is?

• Planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities.

Disease prevention is?

• The process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress.

Public health is?

• Organized effort by society, primarily through its public institutions, to improve, promote, project and restore the health of the population through collective action.

Community health is?

• The health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, project and preserve their health.

Global health is?

• Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and are beyond the control of individual nations, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions.

Population health is?

• Cohesive, integrated, and comprehensive approach to health care that considers the distribution of health outcomes within care that considers the distribution of health outcomes within a population, the health determinants that influence distribution of care, and they policies and interventions that affect and are affected by the determinants.

Health disparity is?

• A particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantages.

Health equity is?

• The attainment of the highest level of health for all people.

Determinants of health is?

• Factors that influence health status (biology, behaviors, environment, access to care, policies, etc).

Epidemiology is?

• The study of the distribution and determinants of disease and health in populations.

Wellness is?

• An approach to health that focuses on balancing that many aspects, or dimensions, of a person’s life through increasing that adoption of health enhancing conditions and behaviors rather than attempting to minimize conditions of illness.

Philosophy is?

• Greek; Love of wisdom or love of learning

• Summarizing attitudes, principles, beliefs, and values held by an individual or group.

Philodoxy is?

• Love of opinions; presents problems for health education specialist.

Wellness philosophy is?

• Always a positive quality that enables a person to strive to reach an optimum state of health in all dimensions.

Holistic philosophy is?

• The mind and body distinction disappears, yielding a whole unified being.

Symmetry Philosophy is?

• Health has physical, emotional, spiritual, and social components, each one as important as the other.

What are the health field concept: four elements influencing health?

• Human biology

• Environment

• Lifestyle

• Health care organization

How did this help shape the health people initiatives?

It set national health objectives and highlight the importance of addressing determinants, not just medical care.

What are the top preventable care of death?

• Tobacco use

• Poor diet & physical activity

• Alcohol misuse

• Microbial agents

• Toxic agents

• Motor vehicles crashes

• Firearms

• Sexual behaviors

• Illicit drug use

What are the seven domains of health people 2020/2030?

• Biology and genetics

• Individual behavior

• Social factors

• Health services

• Policymaking

• Physical environment

What is the health people 2020/2030 goals?

Improve health and well being by addressing determinants, elimination disparities, promoting equity, and achieving health literacy.

What are the types of risk factors?

Modifiable - behaviors (smoking, drinking, exercise)

Non-modifiable - genetics, age, sex, family, history

What was the cliff analogy about?

• Proximity to cliff → risk of disease

• Safety net → health care system

• Fences → prevention strategies

• Focus should be on moving populations away from the cliff edge ( addressing the root cause)

What are the role of the health education specialist?

Assess needs, plan program, implement, evaluate, administer, act as a resource, advocate for health.

What are the levels of prevention?

• Primary → prevent onset (vaccination, seatbelt)

• Secondary → early detection (screening, check ups)

• Tertiary → reduced impact/rehab (treatment, support group)

What are some models for levels of prevention?

Multi-causation disease → many interacting factors cause disease

Communicable disease model → interaction of host, agent, environment

What are the leading cause of death in the US?

Overall: heart disease, cancer, unintentional injury, chronic respiratory disease, stroke.

By age: accidents for youth, chronic disease for older adults.

By race/ethnicity: variations exist

What is non-communicable?

Chronic, not spread person to person (diabetes, heart disease, cancer)

What is communicable?

Infectious, spread through agents (HIV, TB, Flu)

What is chain of infection?

Agent → Reservoir → exit → transmission → entry → new host

Types of rates?

Crude rate - overall in a population

Specific rate - by subgroup (age, race)

Adjusted rate - modified for differences (age-adjustment)

Incidence - new cases

Prevalence - existing cases

Mortality rate - deaths per population

What can be data sources?

census, vital structures, surveillance systems (CD, WHO) surveys (BRFSS, NHANES, YRBSS) registries.

History of health practices?

Earliest humans: Trial/error, spiritual.

Greek/Roman: Hygiene, sanitation.

Middle Ages: Spiritualism, plagues.

Renaissance/Enlightenment: Science progress.

19th century: Germ theory, sanitation.

20th century: Vaccines, antibiotics, health promotion.

21st century: Chronic disease prevention, equity.

What are the US public health history?

1700s: Quarantines, boards of health.

1800s: Bacteriology, sanitation reform.

1900s: Vaccination, life expectancy gains.

2000s: Health reform, Healthy People initiatives.

What are the health people initiatives history?

1979: Surgeon General’s Report began Healthy People.

Updated every decade: HP 1990 → HP 2030.

Goals: national objectives, tracking, reducing disparities.

School health history?

1800s: School hygiene movement.

1900s: Reports of poor child health.

Led to CDC Coordinated School Health Model (now WSCC – Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child).

Health reform and ACA?

Need: Rising costs, inequities, many uninsured.

ACA (2010): Expanded Medicaid, required coverage, protected pre-existing conditions, allowed children to stay on parents’ plans until 26, expanded preventive services.

Beneficiaries: uninsured, low-income, young adults, those with pre-existing conditions.

What are the Access (5 A’s)?

Availability, Accessibility, Accommodation, Affordability, Acceptability.

Inequities arise when racial/ethnic minorities face barriers in any of these dimensions.

What are the health education/promotion philosophies?

Behavior change – Modifying risky behaviors (contracts, goals).

Cognitive-based – Increasing knowledge.

Decision-making – Critical thinking/problem solving.

Freeing/functioning – Freedom to make best health choices possible.

Social change – Policies/environment supportive of health.

Eclectic – Blend of philosophies.