Acid-base balance

Ventilation

4L/min

Perfusion

5L/min

V/Q ratio

0.8 (4/5)

Dead space

More ventilation than perfusion

Shunt

More perfusion than ventilation

Apices

More ventilation than perfusion means a higher PAO2, lower PACO2

Bases

Blood flow is outpacing ventilation, higher PACO2

Respiratory Quotient

An expression of what is going on with internal respiration, amount of CO2 produced vs amount of O2 consumed

Ph absolute norm

7.4

Normal pH range

7.35-7.45

PaCO2 absolute norm

40

Normal PaCO2 range

35-45

HCO3 absolute norm

24

Normal HCO3 range

22-28

Henderson-Hasselbach

6.1+log[HCO3/PaCO2×0.03]

Chloride shift

CL moves into RBC

Normoxemia

80-100mmHg

Proton acceptor

Bicarbonate (HCO3 - base)

Proton donor

Hydrogen (H+ - acid)

Metabolic acidosis

Lactic Acidosis, Ketoacidosis, Aspirin overdose, renal failure, uncontrolled diarrhea

Hydroxide

Completely dissociates in H2O

Weak acid

Don’t dissociate completely, small change in pH

Volatile acid

In equilibrium with dissolved gases

Isohydric buffering

Open hemoglobin binds the hydrogen

Nonvolatile

Produced through catabolism, breakdown of protein for use as energy

K

Equilibrium constant

Buffers

Resist change to pH when an acid or base is added to it when the weak acid dissociates, it forms a hydrogen cation and a base component

Open system

Bicarbonate

Closed system

Nonbicarbonate