Chapter 4-5 Test Review

acculturation

The process of adopting cultural traits or social patterns of another group.

adaptive strategy

Methods used by societies to adapt to their environment.

assimilation

The process of absorbing one cultural group into another.

barrio

A Spanish-speaking urban neighborhood.

chain migration

Migration patterns where individuals follow others from their community.

cultural adaptation

Adjusting to and integrating with a new cultural environment.

cultural shatter belt

Region where cultural conflicts lead to fragmentation.

ethnic cleansing

Forced removal or killing of an ethnic group.

ethnic conflict

Disputes between ethnic groups, often over resources or territory.

ethnic enclave

A small area with a high concentration of one ethnic group.

ethnic group

People who share a common cultural, linguistic, or ancestral heritage.

ethnic regions

Areas dominated by a particular ethnic group.

ethnic homeland

An ethnic group's place of origin or historical territory.

ethnic landscape

Visible evidence of an ethnic group's presence in an area.

ethnic neighborhood

A localized area where an ethnic group resides.

ethnicity

Identity based on shared culture, language, or heritage.

ethnocenter

A place central to an ethnic group's culture.

ghetto

An area where a minority group is concentrated, often due to social or economic pressures.

plural society

A society with multiple distinct ethnic or cultural groups.

race

A group sharing physical characteristics, often socially constructed.

racism

Belief in the superiority of one race over another.

segregation

Separation of groups based on race or ethnicity.

social distance

The perceived or desired level of separation between groups.

distribution of ethnicities

Geographic spread of ethnic groups.

sequent occupancy

Successive cultural groups leaving their mark on a landscape.

ethnic exclaves and enclaves

Exclave: Ethnic group outside their main territory; Enclave: Ethnic group surrounded by another culture.

culture

Shared practices, values, and beliefs of a group.

cultural core/periphery pattern

Core areas dominate cultural influence; periphery areas are influenced by the core.

cultural ecology

Study of interactions between culture and the environment.

cultural identity

Sense of belonging to a cultural group.

cultural landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the environment.

cultural realm

A large area influenced by shared cultural traits.

Cultural Region

Area where a specific culture prevails.

self awareness

The ability to recognize and understand one's own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

cultural integration

Blending of cultures into a unified whole.

Core

Most intense cultural area.

Periphery

Less influence.

Domain

Middle ground.

sequent occupance

Layers of cultural imprints over time in a place.

cultural traits

Specific practices or features of a culture.

Syncretism

Blending of different cultural elements.

cultural complex

Interconnected cultural traits.

Diffusion Types

Expansion: Spread from a central place; Hierarchical: Through influential people/places; Contagion: Widespread, like a wave; Stimulus: Adapting a concept; Relocation: Physical movement of people bringing culture.

innovation adoption

Uptake of new ideas or technologies.

maladaptive diffusion

Spread of ideas that are unsuitable for the environment.

cultural transition zones

Areas where cultures meet and blend.

cultural convergences

Similar cultures blending due to globalization.

adaptive stratified

Refers to systems or methods designed to adjust and function effectively by organizing into layers or levels based on specific criteria or needs.

anglo american landscape

Features reflecting British-American culture.

Characteristics

Features or qualities that define or distinguish something.

architectural form

Design reflecting cultural and environmental influences.

built environment

Human-made surroundings.

folk culture

Traditional practices of a small group.

folk food

Traditional cuisine of a culture.

folk house

Housing styles reflecting local culture and materials.

Folklore

Oral traditions of a culture.

material culture

Physical objects of a culture.

nonmaterial culture

Beliefs, traditions, and practices of a culture.

popular culture

Widespread cultural elements in society.

survey system

Land measurement and division methods.

traditional architecture

Structures built with historical methods.

sense of place

Emotional attachment to a location.

cultural hearth

Origin point of cultural traits.

role of diffusion and globalizations and popular culture

Spread of culture globally, often impacting diversity.

impact on natural resources

Popular culture and globalization often increase resource exploitation.

Creole

A stable, fully developed language formed from a mixture of different languages.

Dialect

A regional or social variety of a language, differing in pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.

Indo-European languages

A large family of languages originating in Europe and Asia, including English, Hindi, and Spanish.

Isogloss

A boundary line separating areas with different linguistic features.

Language

A system of communication using sounds, symbols, or gestures.

Language family

A group of languages with a shared, distant origin.

Language group

A subset of a language family with closely related languages.

Language subfamily

A smaller branch within a language family, often defined by closer linguistic ties.

Lingua franca

A common language used for communication between speakers of different native languages.

Linguistic diversity

The variety of languages spoken in a specific area or globally.

Mono-/Multilingual

Speaking one language (monolingual) or multiple languages (multilingual).

Official language

A language given legal status for government and official use.

Pidgin

A simplified language combining elements of different languages for basic communication.

Toponymy

The study of place names and their origins.

Trade language

A simplified language used for commerce between speakers of different native languages.

Distribution of language

The geographic spread and usage of a language.

Isolation/Interaction on languages

Isolation creates linguistic divergence, while interaction fosters convergence.

Franglais, Spanglish, Chinglish

Blends of French, Spanish, or Chinese with English.

Extinct languages

Languages no longer spoken or used in daily life.

Linguistic cultural landscapes

How language reflects cultural identity in a physical area.

Dowry Death

The death of a woman due to disputes over her dowry in marriage.

Enfranchisement

The granting of rights, especially the right to vote.

Gender

Social and cultural roles, behaviors, and attributes associated with being male or female.

Gender Gap

Differences in opportunities, status, or treatment between men and women.

Infanticide

The intentional killing of infants.

Longevity Gap

The difference in life expectancy between men and women.

Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of women during pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births.

Cultural Landscape

Boundaries of a region reflect the human imprint of the environment (built environment is another way to characterize it).

Sequent occupance

Each group that occupies and dominates an environment leaves its imprints.

Cultural landscape examples

National parks (United States): land set aside from development reflects the desire to preserve unique environments.

Signage (Quebec)

Bilingual signs in French and English reflect the desire of French Canadians to retain their heritage.

Schools (Pakistan)

Gender-segregated schools reflect attitudes toward male and female roles.

Office buildings (Shanghai)

Massive skyscrapers reflect economic power and a desire to have businesses in a well-known central location.

Folk culture

Traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas.

Pop culture

Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.