Dual credit unit 4 vocab

19th Amendment

1920 constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote in the United States.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist and philanthropist, led the expansion of the steel industry and supported the Gospel of Wealth philosophy.

Atlanta Compromise

1895 speech by Booker T. Washington promoting vocational training for African Americans to gain economic equality.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader who advocated for vocational education and self-improvement for blacks.

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army after the Civil War, primarily in the Western frontier.

Carry A. Nation

Radical temperance activist who used a hatchet to destroy liquor bottles in saloons.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited Chinese immigration to the U.S., reflecting growing anti-Chinese sentiment.

Civil service reform

Effort to end political patronage and implement merit-based hiring for government jobs, leading to the Pendleton Act (1883).

Comstock Lode

Major silver discovery in Nevada in 1859, helping fuel the mining boom.

“Cross of Gold”

Speech by William Jennings Bryan in 1896 advocating for the free coinage of silver to help farmers and working-class Americans.

Dawes Act

1887 law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal land into individual plots for farming.

De Lome letter

A 1898 letter from Spain’s ambassador to the U.S., criticizing President McKinley, which inflamed American public opinion and contributed to the Spanish-American War.

Ellis Island

Immigration station in New York Harbor from 1892 to 1954, where millions of immigrants passed through to enter the U.S.

Eugene V. Debs

Labor leader and five-time presidential candidate who founded the American Socialist Party and led the Pullman Strike of 1894.

Exodusters

African American migrants who moved westward, primarily to Kansas, to escape segregation and economic hardship in the South.

Gilded Age

Late 19th-century period marked by rapid industrialization, political corruption, and vast wealth inequality.

Gospel of Wealth

Philosophy by Andrew Carnegie promoting the idea that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.

Haymarket

1886 labor rally in Chicago that turned violent after a bomb exploded, leading to the suppression of labor movements.

Homestead Act

1862 law granting land to settlers willing to farm it for five years, promoting westward expansion.

Horatio Alger

Author known for novels about poor boys achieving success through hard work and determination.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist and activist who campaigned against lynching and for civil rights.

Jane Addams

Social reformer and founder of Hull House, which provided services and support for immigrants and the poor.

Jim Crow

System of racial segregation and discrimination in the South after Reconstruction.

Jingoism

Extreme nationalism and the belief in using military force to achieve national goals, particularly in foreign policy.

John Muir

Naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club, advocating for conservation and the preservation of national parks.

Laissez-faire

Economic philosophy favoring minimal government interference in business and markets.

Little Bighorn

1876 battle where General Custer’s forces were defeated by a coalition of Native American tribes, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

Maine

U.S. battleship whose explosion in 1898 contributed to the start of the Spanish-American War.

Morrill Act

1862 law providing federal land to states to establish colleges focused on agriculture and mechanical arts.

Nativism

Political ideology favoring the interests of native-born Americans over immigrants, often leading to anti-immigrant policies.

New South

Post-Reconstruction movement promoting industrialization, diversification of agriculture, and modernization in the South.

Niagara Movement

1905 civil rights organization founded by W.E.B. Du Bois advocating for full civil rights and political participation for African Americans.

Omaha Platform

1892 political platform of the Populist Party, calling for reforms like direct election of senators, a graduated income tax, and free coinage of silver.

Open Door

U.S. policy, initiated in 1899, advocating for equal trade rights in China and opposed foreign domination of Chinese markets.

Pendleton Act

1883 law establishing a merit-based system for federal government jobs, aimed at ending patronage and corruption.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Populism

Political movement in the late 19th century advocating for the rights of farmers and workers, promoting reforms like currency expansion and regulation of railroads.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting the U.S. could intervene in Latin American countries to maintain order and stability.

Sand Creek

1864 massacre in Colorado where U.S. troops killed around 150 Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, mostly women and children.

Sandlot Incident

1877 violent anti-Chinese riots in California, fueled by labor unrest and nativist sentiment.

Sharecroppers

Farmers, mostly African American, who worked land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops, often leading to a cycle of debt.

Social Darwinism

The belief that society and individuals are subject to the same laws of natural selection as animals, often used to justify inequality and laissez-faire policies.

“Solid South”

Term for the consistent political support of Southern states for the Democratic Party after the Civil War and into the 20th century.

Tammany Hall

Political machine in New York City, led by Boss Tweed, known for corruption and patronage.

The Jungle

1906 novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and led to food safety reforms.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

1911 factory fire in New York City that killed 146 workers, leading to significant labor reforms and improved workplace safety laws.

Tuskegee

Reference to the Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington, which provided vocational and industrial education to African Americans.

“Waving the bloody shirt”

Political tactic used by Republicans after the Civil War to remind voters of the sacrifices made by Union soldiers and the atrocities of the Confederacy.

WCTU

Women’s Christian Temperance Union, an organization focused on promoting temperance and women's suffrage.

W.E.B. DuBois

African American scholar and activist who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for full civil rights and higher education for blacks.

"Wisconsin Idea"

Progressive reform initiative in Wisconsin, led by Governor Robert La Follette, emphasizing government efficiency, direct democracy, and worker protections.

Wounded Knee

1890 massacre of Lakota Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota by U.S. troops, marking the end of the Indian resistance movement.

Yellow journalism

Sensationalist news reporting designed to attract attention and increase sales, often using exaggerated or fabricated stories.