exam 3

Family

two or more individuals who identify themselves as being related to one another, usually by blood, marriage, or adoption, and who share intimate relationships and dependency

Marriage

a culturally approved relationship, usually between two individuals, that provides a degree of economic cooperation, emotional intimacy, and sexual activity

Extended Families

social groups consisting of one or more parents, children, and other kin, often spanning several generations living in the same household

Nuclear Families

families characterized by parents living with their biological children and apart from other kin

Marriage Trends

1. Men and women are marrying later

2. Women are having children later

Evolution of Families

- 1950s: 60% of families were nuclear and 3/4 of wives were homemakers

-Married couples with children make up only 20% of AMERICAN FAMILIES

-Nuclear Families are seen as the norm

-Bread-winner homemaker structure is rare

Functionalist Perspective on Families (Parsons)

males and females are complementary to maintain the family and be the primary socialization of individuals; instilling social norms

-criticized for scientifically re-enforcing traditional gender roles

Conflict-Feminist Perspective on Families

Traditional families subordinate women

-Men: productive, paid work force

-Women: reproductive, non-paid domestic and childcare duties

Sexual Division of Labor

the phenomenon of dividing production functions by gender and designating different spheres of activity, the "private" to women and the "public" to men

Symbolic Interactionism Perspective on Families

argue that shared activities help to build emotional bonds among family members, and that marriage and family relationships are based on negotiated meanings

Divorce Rates

-rates have increased over the last 100 years, once women were let in on the decision

-divorce rates are high in America

Anti-Miscegenation Laws

laws that prohibit interracial sexual relations and marriage

Same-Sex Marriage

marriage between people of the same sex, either a secular civic ceremony or a religious setting, that is legally recognized by the government

Evolution of who Marries

-Multi-racial/ethnic families are increasingly represented

-Same-Sex marriage is increasingly becoming the Norm

Concerted Cultivation

The parenting model, or style, according to which parents often praise and converse with their children, engage them in extracurricular activities, take them on outings, and so on, with the goal of cultivating their child's talents and abilities.

Natural Growth

The parenting style of working- and lower-class families that leaves children largely to their own devices, except when parents demand obedience to authority

Education

the transmission of society's norms, values, and knowledge based by means of direct instruction

Formal Education

education that occurs within academic institutions

Mass Education

the extension of formal school to wide segments of the population

Public Education

universal education system provided by the government by tax revenues rather than student fees

Credentialed Society

access to desirable work and social status depend on the possession of a certificate or diploma certifying completion of a formal education

College Attendance Rates

-the proportion of the population finishing high school is higher

-proportion of people going to college has increased

-proportion of people graduating college has increased, but so have drop-out rates

College Completion Rates

-More people attending college

-Fewer students finishing college

-50% of students at a 4-year never get a degree

-65% of students at a 2-year never get a degree

Functionalism Perspective on Education

education prepares people to participate in the larger society

-Moral Education

Moral Education (Durkheim)

schools teach students the norms and values necessary to maintain society

Conflict Perspective on Education

believes schools socialize students in the dominant norms and values that produce social stratification

-Hidden Curriculum

-DeFacto Segregation

Hidden Curriculum (Phillip Jackson)

the unspoken classroom socialization into norms, values, and roles of a society that school provide along with the "official curriculum, that reinforces social stratification"

DeFacto Segregation

racial, ethnic, or other segregation resulting from societal differences between groups, as socioeconomic or political disparity, without institutionalized legislation intended to segregate

-neighborhood segregation of schools

-disparity in income creates disparity in resources

Symbolic Interactionism Perspective on Education

Educator Expectation = self-fulfilling prophecy

-Pygmalion Effect

Pygmalion Effect

higher expectations lead to an increase in performance

Religion

a system of common beliefs and rituals centered on "sacred things" that unites believers and provides a sense of meaning and purpose

Theism

a belief in one or more supernatural deities

Functionalist Perspective on Religion (Durkheim)

sacred beliefs and rituals bind people together and help maintain social control

-divides world into two parts: profane and sacred

Profane

a sphere of routine, everyday life

Sacred

that which is set apart from the ordinary, the sphere endowed with spiritual meaning

Social Functions of Religion (Marx)

1. Reaffirms community

2. Provides values (therefore beliefs and norms)

3. Create social solidarity (reaffirming social bonds)

Conflict Perspective of Religion

Religion discourages the oppressed from understanding the nature of their oppression in the present life, serving the interests of the powerful

Secularism

The rise in worldly thinking, particularly as seen in the rise of science, technology, and rational thought, and a simultaneous decline in the influence of religion.

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Religion

religion is a social construction that is altering its beliefs and rituals over time and throughout history

Church

well-established religious organization that exists in a fairly harmonious relationship with larger society

Sect

A religious organization that has splintered off from an established church in an effort to restore perceived "true" beliefs and practices believed to have been lost by the established religious organization

New Religious Movement

new religious groups or communities that occupy a peripheral place in a country's dominant landscape

Cult

a religious organization that is thoroughly unconventional with regard to the larger society

Judaism

the monotheistic religion of the Jews.

Jew

One whose religion is Judaism.

Moses

recognized as the preeminent prophet

Torah

sacred text held by the Jews

Christianity

a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ

Christian

one who adheres to Christianity

Jesus

recognized as the Son of God, the Savior foretold in the Old Testament

Bible

collection of sacred texts that Christians hold as the word of God and as truth

Islam

the religion practiced by Muslims

Muslim

a follower of the religion of Islam

Mohammed

Prophet of Allah; founder of Islam.

Qur'an

sacred text held by Muslims as the word of Allah

Five Pillars of Islam

1. Accepting Allah as God and Mohammed as Allah's messenger

2. Worshipping according to rituals, including facing toward Mecca and bowing in prayer at least five times a day

3. Giving alms, or donations, to those who are poor or in need

4. Making a holy pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime

5. Observing Ramadan, a month of prayer and fasting during the daylight hours

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.

Buddhist

one who adheres to Buddhism

The Pali Canon

a collection of teachings from the Buddha

Hinduism

polytheistic religion followed by Hindus

Hindu

a follower of Hinduism

Vedas

Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. (8+ other sacred texts)

Social Construction of Health

What we consider healthy and what we consider illness is defined by our culture

Illness

a condition of being unhealthy in your body or mind that prevents an individual from functioning normally

History of Health

-Life expectancy has only recently increased

-Medical innovations that have led to an increased life expectancy were treated as deviant and received social controls

Health

the extent to which a person experiences a state of mental, physical, and social well-being

Preventive Medicine

medicine emphasizing a healthy lifestyle that will prevent poor health before it occurs

Health Care

all activities intended to sustain, promote, and enhance health

Functionalist Perspective on Health

Emphasizes that good health and effective medical care are essential for a society's ability to function

-Manifest Function

-Latent Function

Manifest Function of Health

prevent illness and improve all aspects of health