Lecture 5- Vaccination and Antiviral Strategies

Define the type of Immunity:

• Vaccination

Active, Artificial

Define the type of Immunity:

• Infection

Active, Natural

Define the type of Immunity:

• Injection of pre-formed antibodies

Passive, Artificial

Define the type of Immunity:

• Pre-formed ABs acquired from mother

Passive, Natural

When should a MLV virus not be used?

When the patient is neonate or immunosuppressed

Why aren’t vaccine given right at birth?

Because they can interfere with the maternal ABs provides by the mother and put the animal at risk

When should we vaccinated animals (general answer)?

When the level of maternal ABs are too low to protect the baby but not too high as to interfere with immunization

Why are some vaccines given multiple times when the animal is young?

In order to make sure that the young animals maternal ABs don’t prevent them from reaching normal levels of protection

What is the primary cause of vaccine failure in young dogs?

Maternal Antibodies

What are the 6 different types of vaccines?

• MLV/Attenuated

• Inactivated (killed)

• Subunit

• Recombinant

• mRNA

• DNA

Which type of vaccine does this describe?

• Theses vaccines contain doses of purified viral proteins

Subunit Vaccine

Which type of vaccine does this describe?

• Contains either low doses or doses of the mild form of the viral pathogen while still stimulating an immune response

MLV/Attenuated Vaccine

Which type of vaccine does this describe?

• Contains high doses of the inactivated viral pathogen

  • Results in a weaker/shorter immune response than _____ due to their inability to infect and multiply in the host

• Require adjuvant

• Inactivated (Killed) Vaccine

  • MLV (answer to the blank on the question)

Which type of vaccine does this describe?

• Produced by incorporating the genes that encode the viral proteins and stimulate the immune response into a harmless virus

Recombinant Vaccine

Which type of vaccine does this describe?

• Contain purified recombinant plasmid DNA incorporating the gene encoding the viral proteins that stimulate a protective immune response against the viral pathogen

DNA vaccines

Which type of vaccines require adjuvant?

Inactivated/Killed Vaccines

Which are better MLV or inactive vaccines?

MLV

T/F: Administering a vaccine too frequently can cause vaccine failure

True, they can interfere with each other

T/F: Vaccination is a medical procedure

True

Which is not a part of the general vaccination policy?

1. Vaccinate the greatest number of animals in the population at risk

2. Vaccinate each animal no more frequently than necessary

3. Vaccinate each animal only against infectious agents to which it is at a realistic risk/exposure to

4. Vaccinate an animal only when the potential benefits outweigh the risks

5. Animals should be vaccinated when sick as it will boost the immunity they would get normally

5

Without a ____ a vaccine cannot be administered

Veterinary Client Patient Relationship (VPCR)

T/F: No vaccine is always safe, protective, and indicated

True

T/F: Every animal should get the “core“ vaccines

False, a majority of animals should, the animals that shouldn’t are the ones that have a serious health risk or reason as to why they can’t

When should non-core vaccines be used for an animal?

When that animal falls under the specific risk categories on the vaccine

Is antiviral medication used often in vet med?

No

Antivirals are virostatic, not virocidal, what do these terms mean?

• Virostatic

  • A substance that suppresses the ability of a virus to replicate

• Virocidal

  • Kills viruses

Why are antivirals not used often in vet med?

• They end up causing damage to the cells

• Viruses utilize a lot of cell processes to replicate

• If we target these processes then we will also damage the cell

  • Most drugs that interfere with viral replication are toxic to the cell

What are some difficulties that anti viral medication pose in vet med?

1. Toxic to the cell

2. By the time clinical signs first appear the virus has become advanced

3. Drug resistance is incredibly high

4. Viral Latency

What is one way that we can make antiviral drugs better?

Target processes unique to viral replication

What are the 3 main clinically useful antiviral drugs we discussed in class? What do they target and how do they work?

1. Acyclovir

   1. Treats herpesvirus in cats

   2. Nucleoside Analogue

      1. Causes chain termination and inhibition of replication

2. Protease Inhibitors

   1. Used in retroviruses

   2. Stops the viral proteases from working

3. Neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

   1. Prevents neuraminidase from cleaving the bonds between budding virions and the cell membrane

      1. Prevents viruses from being release