Organic Chemistry: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

These flashcards cover key concepts from organic chemistry related to alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, focusing on their properties, reactions, and naming conventions.

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Alkynes

Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Compounds containing a benzene ring or similar structure.

IUPAC Names

Systematic naming of organic compounds by identifying the longest carbon chain and substituent groups.

Markovnikov's Rule

In the addition of HX to an alkene, the hydrogen (H) attaches to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents.

Cis and Trans Isomers

Stereoisomers that differ in the orientation of substituent groups around a double bond.

Stereoisomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms.

Hydrogenation

The addition of hydrogen across a double bond, typically using a catalyst like Pt, Pd, or Ni.

Hydrohalogenation

The addition of hydrogen halides (HX) to alkenes or alkynes.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

A reaction where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom in an aromatic compound.

Electron Donating Groups

Substituents that donate electrons and are activating in electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Electron Withdrawing Groups

Substituents that withdraw electrons and are deactivating in electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Ozonation

A reaction that cleaves double bonds using ozone (O3) to form carbonyl compounds.

Enols

Tautomeric forms of ketones and aldehydes that are usually unstable.

Acid Catalysts

Substances such as H2SO4 or H3PO4 used in hydration reactions to promote the addition of water.

Epoxidation

The conversion of alkenes to epoxides using peroxide compounds like MCPBA.

Cyclic Molecules

Chemicals that form a ring structure, in contrast to linear aliphatic chains.

Substituent Groups

Atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to the main carbon chain in organic compounds.

Double Bonds

Chemical bonds where two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms, as seen in alkenes.

Triple Bonds

Chemical bonds involving three pairs of shared electrons, characteristic of alkynes.